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Browsing Abschlussarbeit by Department "Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Mikrosysteme und Festkörper-Technologien EMFT"
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PublicationBiomedical application of piezoelectric micro diaphragm pumps( 2022)
;Hubbuch, Jürgen -
PublicationCFD-Simulation von Leckraten an MEMS-Klappenventilen( 2022-05-09)
;Schwarz, JohannesAxelsson, KristjanMikropumpen werden verwendet um Fluidströme etwa zum Zwecke der Medikamentendosierung präzise zu kontrollieren. Die gängigen Pumpen des Fraunhofer EMFT bestehen aus Einzelkomponenten wie Ventil und Piezo-Hubaktor. Wichtig dabei ist die Vermeidung von Leckströmen. Diese treten etwa auf, wenn Ventilklappen entgegen der Öffnungsrichtung mit einem Gegendruck gegen den Auflagesteg gedrückt werden und sich verformen. Die entstehenden Spalte weisen sehr kleine Abmessungen bzw. hohe Knudsenzahlen auf, weshalb eine klassisch-kontinuumsmechanische Erklärung der Gasströmung hier nicht mehr zulässig ist. Es wurden hierzu verschiedene Modelle hergeleitet, welche die klassischen Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen (CNSE) erweitern, oder spezielle Randbedingungen verwenden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein Ansatz aufgegriffen der dies auf Basis der kinetischen Gastheorie vollzieht. Demnach ist bei Strömungen mit hohen Knudsenzahlen ein zusätzlicher Massestrom aufgrund von Selbstdiffusion zu erwarten, ein Effekt, welcher klassisch nicht berücksichtigt wird. Wird dies in die klassischen Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen eingegliedert, so treten in allen Erhaltungsgleichungen neue Terme auf, die von Druck- und Temperaturgradienten abhängen. Unter vereinfachenden Annahmen können diese Gleichungen analytisch behandelt werden, und so etwa der Massestrom oder Druckverlauf ermittelt werden. Diese Annahmen sind jedoch häufig nicht zulässig und es müssen numerische Verfahren für eine Lösung angwendet werden. Die Finite-Volumen-Methode ist ein gängiges Verfahren zur Lösung der CNSE, weshalb im Rahmen dieser Arbeit das open-Source-Tool OpenFOAM als Basis genommen wird um o.g. erweiterte Gleichungen zu implementieren. Verschiedene Ansätze werden dabei verfolgt, erläutert und die entstehenden Implementierungen anhand verschiedener Testfälle hinsichtlich ihrer Performance und Genauigkeit verglichen. Zudem wird der zu erwartende Leckstrom durch die Leckspaltgeometrie eines Klappenventils näher quantifiziert. -
PublicationCharacterization and optimization of electrostatic actuators for MEMS micropumps( 2023-07-10)George, BrindaThis thesis explores the comprehensive characterization and optimization of electrostatic actuators for Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) micropumps. With the rapid proliferation of MEMS in various industrial and medical applications, optimizing the performance of the crucial compo nents, such as electrostatic actuators, is of paramount importance. These actuators are fabricated using micro-fabrication technologies and can achieve a total displacement of 5 µm. With the aim to optimize their performance and efficiency, the investigation relies on the analytical and numerical models along with experimental studies. The study delves into understanding the electromechanical response of actuators and determining performance parameters such as pull-in and release voltage, displacement, capacitance, charge stored, current, stroke volume etc, with a focus on finding their dependency on applied voltages and driving frequencies. The study also provides a comprehensive exploration of both quasi-static and dynamic characterization of the actuators, aiming to enhance their functionality and reliability. The quasi-static characterization conducted using a slow-varying voltage to analyse the actuator membrane deflection at both wafer and chip levels, finds the pull-in voltage to be roughly 70 V and release 50 V. It calculates the stroke volume as approximately 47.3 nL using line scans and numerical integration. A pressure-dependent deflection measurement revealed pull-in at 40 kPa pressure. Also, the actuator capacitance and impedance were analyzed through quasi-static C-V characterization, showing an initial capacitance of 300 pF, which sharply increased to 384.75 pF during the pull-in. The dynamic response of electrostatic actuators to different voltage waveforms, including sine, ramp, square and arbitrary waveforms across various frequencies are investigated. The pull-in occurs at around 68.7 V and release at approximately 52 V, with pull-in and release durations averaging 0.924 s and 1.342 s respectively. This indicates that the actuator discharges for a longer period than it charges. The membrane deflection tends to decrease with increasing frequency from 100 mHz to 500 mHz, when the frequency is so high that the actuator cannot respond quickly enough. Both the quasi-static and dynamic characterization measurements were conducted under negative pressure of -85 kPa. Observations indicated a notably accelerated response speed from the actuator under these negative pressure conditions as opposed to its performance under normal atmospheric v pressure. Moreover, the charging and discharging process of the actuator are evaluated. The actuator behaves like a capacitor, whereby the current only flows during the charging or discharging, but does not continue indefinitely. Rather, the current ceases once the actuator becomes fully charged or completely discharged. Measurements indicate that the current passing through the actuator is approximately 40.56 mA during the charging process and -43.69 mA throughout the discharging. The measurement results are compared with the analytical results, quasi-static simulation results of ANSYS FEA model and dynamic simulation results of nonlinear Simulink system model. These comparisons are critically important for improving actuator reliability and lifetime. Also, the optimizations done for the fabrication of electrostatic actuators to maximize actuation performance are explained.
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PublicationCharacterization of Humidity-Sensors based on Polymer Sensing Layer( 2022-08-31)In this study various electrical properties of humidity sensors based on polyimide (PI) layer were characterized. The sensors were manufactured at the Fraunhofer Institute for Microsystems and Solid-State Technology (EMFT) as Inter Digital Transducers (IDT) with a polyimide layer. Changes in the electrical properties were due to a change in the permittivity of the PI layer under different environmental conditions. Using Wafer Prober, EMFT sensors were characterized at different temperatures and bias voltages. The capacitance measurements were conducted for a frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz at the Fraunhofer EMFT. Two reference sensors were compared with HAST (Highly Accelerated Stress Test) built-in sensors to monitor humidity and temperature inside the HAST chamber. Afterward, EMFT sensors were tested at 130 °C and 85 % RH inside the HAST chamber.
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PublicationCharacterizing the Relationship between Pressure Loading and Skin Temperature in Pressure Ulcer Risk Patients( 2023-05-02)
;Schillinger, Moritz ;Kist, Andreas ;Heinrich, FerdinandDöllinger, MichaelBackground: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are defined as an area of localized damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused primarily by sustained pressure loading. PUs are a widespread problem that poses a tremendous burden to the healthcare system and the quality of life of the affected individuals. Objectives: This thesis characterized the relationship between skin temperature and pressure in patients with high PU risk by analyzing how the skin temperature reacted to notable pressure changes and different types of pressure loadings. In addition, we investigated whether different preconditions, that are related to PU formation, affected a patient's skin temperature. Methods: We used a medical wearable to continuously monitor skin temperature and pressure in 60 hospital patients at high risk of developing PUs. to locate pressure loadings in the recorded time series, we evaluated different peak detection algorithms. The pressure loadings were further subdivided using k-means clustering. To analyze the skin temperature reaction to the identified pressure loadings, we used spike-triggered averaging (STA). Additionally, we explored the potential of artificial neural networks to predict pressure sensor curves solely based on skin temperature measurements. Results: We recorded a total of 285 days, 14 hours and 12 minutes of skin temperature measurements from which we extracted 870 individual pressure events. The STA analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between pressure and skin temperature. The rise in skin temperature was proportional to the duration of the pressure loading. Patients with a previous history of PU development seemed to have changed their position less frequently compared to patients without PU history. They also showed a significantly lower average skin temperature, compared to patients without preconditions. Conclusions: A significant rise in skin temperature within a short timeframe indicates increased pressure loading on the skin and could serve as a predictor for PU development. Furthermore, a low average skin temperature could be linked to a previous history of PU formation, which is why we suspect that low skin temperature may be a risk factor for PU development. -
PublicationDesign and Implementation of a Hardware-Aware SNN Simulator( 2022-07-28)
;Mothukuri, Apoorva Gayathri -
PublicationDesign and investigation of a high pressure micropump for dosing of high viscosity fluids( 2022-04-04)
;Kempen, LudgerIn recent years, the self-administration of drugs daily has become a standard medication regimen for diabetes and autoimmune disorders. This situation emphasizes the use of auto-injectors to facilitate administration, preferably at the patient’s home. So, this the sis introduces an alternative approach to the standard auto-injector design. The current medication tool will be improved by the use of a metal-based micro diaphragm pump developed by Fraunhofer EMFT with suitable design variations to dispense a precise volume of drugs in a given time frame.This thesis analyzes various designs of metal micropumps with piezoelectric actuators to dose high viscous fluids. Thus, the generation of high pressure becomes the optimiza tion goal. The possible design variations are introduced in the actuator design, such as the thickness of the metal foil, the thickness of the piezoceramic layer (disc-shaped bulkactuator and stack actuator), and the different diaphragm diameters. For viscous formu lations, different proportions of aqueous glycerine mixtures are used. As a first step, a comprehensive study is conducted to choose an optimal design solution through experi mental evaluations. For this, I designed a gravimetric test bench to investigate the effect of pump design alterations on generated flow rate and dosing time for different viscosi ties. In addition, further analyses of electrical actuation adaptions lead to performance optimization of the micropump. This work successfully shows the dosing capabilities of metal micropumps up to 25 mpas viscosity, and design variations show further potential for micropump optimization. Thus, incorporating micro-dosing technology to dispense precise amounts of drugs is proven to be one of the best solutions to meet the needs of the patients. -
PublicationDesign of a Receiving Front-End Time-Gain-Compensation Amplifier with Automatic Gain Control in 0.18 µm SOI Process for an Optimized pMUT Device( 2022-06-16)
;Bajt, Aleksander ;Bosetti, GabrielePiezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs) have been widely developed in recent years. The current trend goes towards a monolithic ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) integration as it results in a smaller chip area and thus larger variety of applications. To reduce the development time and consequently time-to-market as well as costs, virtual prototyping in form of FEM modelling has become a standardized practice in pMUT design. In this work, a pMUT device is designed and modelled for operation in 1 MHz∼10 MHz frequency range and a suitable time-gain-compensation (TGC) amplifier with automatic gain control (AGC) to compensate for the signal attenuation is developed. The coupling between the two design domains (pMUT and ASIC) on a simulation level is achieved as well. Additionally a novel interpolation method based on analytical physics-based equations aimed towards rapid prototyping of fluid-operated pMUTs is presented. The method allows for the definition of design variants, whose resonant frequencies match the target operating frequency and extraction of an optimal design w.r.t the largest transmitting sensitivity. The proposed TGC amplifier, designed for a 5 pF capacitive load and -20 dB∼20 dB gain range, experiences 20 MHz bandwidth at the highest gain setting, ±1 dB gain linearity error and consumes a total of 2.42 mW power. Adaptive gain change implemented by the AGC feedback, decreased the overall signal dynamic range to 10.3 dB, which is by almost a factor of 30 compared to an uncompensated signal. -
PublicationEdge-AI: Self-Sensing backpressure estimation and bubble detection in piezoelectric micropumps using machine learning methods on a limited hardware( 2023-11-23)Sheikhsarraf, Mohammadhossien
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PublicationEntwicklung eines Embedded System für die Auswertung von Vitalparametern zur automatisierten Vorsichtung( 2022-05-16)Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts der Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Mikrosysteme und Festkörper-Technologien EMFT soll eine technische Lösung zur Unterstützung von Hilfskräften bei Naturkatastrophen oder ähnlichen Ereignissen und Unglücken entwickelt wird. In dieser Arbeit wird als Ansatzpunkt die Automatisierung der Vorsichtung gewählt, welche bei jedem Massenanfall von Verletzten durchgeführt werden muss. Ziel ist es mit Hilfe eines Laiens ohne Vorkenntnisse im medizinischen Bereich automatisiert eine Vorsichtung nach dem »modified simple triage and rapid treatment« Schema durchzuführen. Bisher konnte dies nur durch speziell geschulte Helfer geschehen. Hierzu wird ein Embedded System entworfen und als Demonstrator realisiert, dass die Sauerstoffsättigung, Atemfrequenz und den Radialispuls eines Betroffen messen kann. Auch ein Einkanal Elektrokardiogramm soll angefertigt werden können. Zusätzlich wird ein Konzept entwickelt, wie dieses System eingesetzt werden kann. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass die einzelnen Komponenten in der Lage sind die Anforderungen zu erfüllen und mit mehr Entwicklungsaufwand eine Realisierung des Konzepts vorstellbar ist.
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PublicationExperimental and Theoretical Methodologies for High-Flow Optimization of Micropumps in Medical Applications(Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2022-11-30)
;Schrag, Gabriele ;Kutter, ChristophKoch, Alexander W.Specifically tailored medical applications can potentially enable several new diagnoses or therapies. Medical implants for recovery of certain actuators, e.g., artificial sphincter or penile prosthesis, can profit from extremely small micropumps that allow to restore patients’ actuators. This thesis investigates micropumps for high-flow applications and derives several guidelines to optimize them. The methods of investigation range from experimental analysis to theoretical modeling. -
PublicationFlow Disturbance Detection in Micro Diaphragm Pumps: Automated Data Acquisition Setup and Time Series Classification with Machine Learning( 2021)Heinrich, FerdinandMiniaturised infusion pumps with active dosage control are used as insulin pumps or as intrathecal pain pumps. Furthermore, they are evaluated as a general drug delivery system for metronomic cancer therapy or used for drug research with laboratory animals. The requirements for reliability are high. Flow disturbances like an occlusion or air in the infusion line can lead to unexpected dosage behaviour and thus impair the safety of miniaturized infusion pumps. Based on a literature review about flow disturbance detection in infusion pumps, it is decided to detect disturbances with time series classification of transient pressure response measurements. In this work, an infusion pump based on a diaphragm micropump with a piezoelectric actuator is considered. The pulse response of a single pump stroke is measured by acquiring the pressure drop across a flow restricting capillary with a differential pressure sensor. To generate a comprehensive data set an automated measurement setup is built. It simulates flow disturbances with electrically actuated valves, detects air in the system and measures the pressure drop across the flow restricting capillary. Data logs representative of four classification categories, which are normal operation, upstream and downstream occlusion and air in line, can be acquired. This way time series data representative of four classification categories for five pumps under test is generated. In total the data set used for machine learning contains 12000 time series. With this data two time series classification models are trained and evaluated. A feature based decision tree that uses the median, maximum and minimum of the time series achieves a test set classification accuracy of 93 %. A computationally more complex time series forest for classification achieves a 99.6 % test set classification accuracy. The feature based decision tree is implemented as an online classification running on the automated measurement setup. To realise time series classification for disturbance detection in a real life use case the measurements have to be repeated with the specific drug and setup. Additionally the robustness of the disturbance detection with respect to environmental factors, like a change in back pressure has to be quantified.
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PublicationInnovative Method for Measuring the Dynamic Pump Chamber Pressure inside a Micro Diaphragm Pump( 2022-02)
;Zett, Oliver ;Schrag, GabrieleThe transport of fluid is an essential task in a variety of applications like air quality monitoring, or medical applications such as hydraulic implants and drug delivery. In any of these, smaller and more energy efficient dosing units are of advantage. However, especially medical applications pose demanding requirements in terms of safety, reliability and size. To this end, miniaturization of fluidic components, such as micropumps is an ongoing field of research. An example of a system where a micropump would be beneficial is the urinal sphincter implant, where state of the art is the use of a manual pump or an electric pump with substantially larger dimensions to generate enough pressure in order to pinch off the urethra with an inflatable cuff. Another example are microfluidic drug delivery systems, which need micropumps to reliably and accurately administer the right amount of medication to the patient. Micropumps are a key component to improve these applications. The Fraunhofer EMFT has a micropump platform that can be adapted to meet the requirements of specific applications. To enable targeted adaptations, the fluidic properties of a pump design can be predicted with lumped element models. However, a model is just a projection of reality though and needs to be verified by empirical measurements. Some predictions like the volumetric flow rate and pressure capability can be validated with measurements but a more sophisticated approach is necessary to verify the assumption that the pump chamber pressure is constant throughout the micropump. This work provides a tool for the Fraunhofer EMFT, which gives insight into the micro diaphragm pump during operation, in order to validate and improve current models. To this end, an innovative method to measure the dynamic pump chamber pressure inside of a micro diaphragm pump is introduced. The Fraunhofer EMFT micropump design is adapted to house several diaphragms in order measure their deflection and correlate them to a pressure. Two different designs are manufactured: one design to investigate the radial dependency of pressure in the micropump in order to improve the dimension of the chamber radius; a second design to measure the pressure at the inlet and outlet valve, to find the ideal distance between them. The manufacturing is split in two batches with 32 micropumps overall. The micropumps consist of several thin metal foils and a thicker main body which are laser welded together. During the first batch, challenges in the manufacturing process occurred, since the thermal input of the laser causes bulges on the thin sensing foil resulting in non-airtight welding seams. Shifting the sequence of the metal foils helped as a countermeasure. The micropumps of the second batch are tested with a measurement setup that is built to measure the deflection of the pressure sensing diaphragms during the operation of the micropump. A quasi static calibration measurement allows to correlate the detected deflection to a pressure in the pump chamber. The calibration measurements reveal a linear dependence between pressure and deflection which is predicted by analytical calculations for low deflections. Dynamic mea surements of the samples indicate a superimposition of the pressure signal and the piezoelectric actuator movement of the micropumps. Comprehensive failure analysis leads to the conclusion that the distortions result from the micropump moving. Soft rubber sealings between the housing and the micropump allow movement, as well as the 3-D printed holder that holds the micropump housing in place during measurements. The first distortion is eliminated by gluing the micropump into the housing, while the second distortion has to be removed by a more sturdy holder or an additional distance sensor. The knowledge gained from this approach contributes to the expertise on micropumps and thus enables microfluidic systems with micropumps to become reality in various applications in the future. -
PublicationManufacturing and Characterization of Silicon Microvalves( 2023-02-22)
;Sirajudeen, Shebeeb ;Kersch, Alfred -
PublicationMarkierungsfreie Virusdiagnostik mittels elektrochemischer Umsetzer( 2022-11-08)
;Kutter, ChristophWegener, JoachimDie begrenzten Testkapazitäten in Speziallaboren stellen einen limitierenden Faktor in der Bekämpfung einer Pandemie dar. Kann der Einsatz von Biosensoren dabei helfen, diese Kapazitäten zu vergrößern? Ein Lab-on-chip Ansatz wurde untersucht, der sowohl Quantifizierung von Nukleinsäure-Amplifizierung, als auch Schmelzkurvenanalyse von Amplifikaten ermöglicht. Dabei wurde die Methode der Schleifen-vermittelten, isothermalen Amplifizierung (LAMP) betrachtet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Prozess der Synthetisierung und der Denaturierung von Nukleinsäure mithilfe der Biosensoren gemessen werden kann. Die Integration geeigneter Komponenten im Biosensor erlaubt die Durchführung der benötigten Temperaturprofile für beide Prozesse. Die vorgestellte Methode beschreibt ein Lab-on-Chip-System für den Einsatz der Datenerhebung von quantifizierter LAMP und angehängter Schmelzkurvenanalyse und legt den Grundstein für ein miniaturisiertes und valides Point-of-care Nukleinsäure-Testinstrument. The capacity of centralized clinical diagnosis laboratories represents a significant limiting factor in the fight against a pandemic. Can these capacities be extended by the use of electrochemical biosensors? A lab-on-chip system was investigated that allows the execution a monitoring of nucleic acid amplification and melt curve analysis of the resulting products. Here in, the method of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was used. It is shown that the processes of synthetization and denaturation of cDNS can be measured by the applied biosensors. The integration of appropriate components inside the biosensor allows the conduction of the necessary thermal profiles for both processes. The presented method describes a lab-on-chip system for the application in quantitative LAMP and consecutive melt curve analysis and opens the way for the development of a miniaturized, high-valid point-of-care nucleic acid test device. -
PublicationNumerical simulations of fluid-structure interaction for investigating microvalve’s functioning using ANSYS( 2022-08-15)
;Calderaro Rodrigues, Pedro -
PublicationPseudo-Tests - kritischer Blick auf den Einsatz fragwürdiger Testverfahren in Unternehmen( 2021)Viele Unternehmen bevorzugen einfache Denkweisen (Kahneman, 2012) und setzen daher gerne Persönlichkeitsfragebögen ein, die Bewerber oder Mitarbeiter in sogenannte "Typen" einordnen (z. B. rationaler Typ, emotionaler Typ). So soll die Vielfalt der menschlichen Eigenschaften bei Mitarbeitern auf wenige Gruppen reduziert werden (Kanning, 2014). Durch die vielen Testanbieter wird es teilweise schwer, die wirklich seriösen Tests von den Pseudotests zu unterscheiden. Letztere glänzen mit aufwändiger Aufmachung der Website und nichtssagenden Gütekriterien, was es für einen Laienschwer macht, Pseudo-Tests von wissenschaftlich fundierten Persönlichkeitstests zu unterscheiden (Lake, Carlson, Rose & Chlevin-Thiele, 2019). Ziel der Arbeit ist es, Typen-Tests mit kritischem Blick zu durchleuchten und dem Leser Indikatoren darzulegen, die Pseudo-Tests mit großer Sicherheit entlarven. Als Analyse-Beispiel dient der INSIGHTS DiscoveryTest, welcher mit vermeintlich vielen, nämlich 75 Dimensionen versucht die Stereotypisierung zu verschleiern. Psychologische Gutachten und Rezensionen haben den Pseudotest der Kategorie Farbenlehre reloaded jedoch enttarnt (Kersting, 2005). Abschließend soll eine kritische Analyse das Bewusstsein zu den negativen Eigenschaften von Pseudotests schärfen und mit Alternativen begründen.
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PublicationRealisierung und Charakterisierung eines neuen Konzepts für siliziumbasierte Sperrschichtfeldeffekttransistoren( 2022-09-12)
;Kutter, ChristophThewes, RolandDiese Arbeit beschreibt Simulation, Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Sperrschichtfeldeffekttransistoren, JFETs, nach einem auf Siliziumsubstrat bisher noch nicht realisierten Konzept. Dieses neue Konzept besteht darin, den Kanal der JFETs in zwei Bereiche zu teilen: in einen Hauptkanal, Main-Channel , und einen erweiterten Drain-Kanal, den extended-Drain-Channel. Dieses Konzept erlaubt es, Gleichstromeigenschaften, wie Kanalstrom und Transkonduktanz, weitestgehend unabhängig von der Länge der oberflächennahen Steuerelektrode, dem Top-Gate, einzustellen. Zunächst werden alle relevanten theoretischen Grundlagen zu Gleichstrom und Rauschverhalten von JFETs erörtert. Besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt hier auf dem thermischen Rauschen von Kurzkanal-JFETs. Im nächsten Kapitel werden Machbarkeit und erwartete Parameter durch Simulation des Herstellungsprozesses sowie elektrische Simulation des daraus resultierenden Bauteils abgeschätzt. Um die Voraussagewahrscheinlichkeit der Simulation zu erhöhen, wurden Simulationsparameter an Messergebnisse aus Vorversuchen angepasst. Die daraus gewonnenen neuen Werte werden mit Messergebnissen verglichen. Die Realisierung erfolgt im Rahmen einer Technologieplattform, welche an einen CMOS-Herstellungsprozess angelehnt ist. Es wird ein Überblick über den prinzipiellen Ablauf des Herstellungsprozesses gegeben und Strukturvarianten erläutert. Die Charakterisierung umfasst Gleichstromparameter, wie Kanalstrom, Transkonduktanz, Ausgangswiderstand und Eingangsstrom. Als Wechselstromparameter werden Kapazitäten von Top- und Bottom-Gate zum Kanal sowie frequenzabhängiges und frequenzunabhängiges Rauschen gemessen. Für die Charakterisierung des weißen Rauschens wird ein Vergleich mit simulierten Werten vorgenommen und die Diskrepanz zwischen Simulation, Messung und etablierten Modellen aus Veröffentlichungen erörtert. Zum Schluss werden Anwendungen, die während der Bearbeitung des Themas mit Partnern realisiert wurden, vorgestellt und die erzielten Ergebnisse mit dem Stand der Technik verglichen sowie ein Ausblick auf das Thema gegeben.