Micronutrient and phytochemical potentials of Trichosanthes cucumerina in food fortification: A review

Trichosanthes cucumerina L., also known as snake tomato, is an underutilized crop with potential as a nutrient-enhancing ingredient in food applications in regions affected by micronutrient deficiencies. This review critically evaluates and summarizes current knowledge on its nutritional composition, health benefits, and potential applications. The plant is rich in essential micronutrients (vitamins A, C, E, iron, calcium) and bioactive phytochemicals, including β-carotene, lycopene, polyphenols such as flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), phenolic acids, saponins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids such as cucurbitacins (e.g. cucurbitacin B) – compounds linked to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Despite its traditional use in Asia and Africa, T. cucumerina remains neglected in modern food systems. Its use as a complementary ingredient in food applications is promising, especially given its favorable sensory properties and compatibility with staple-based diets. Key research needs include improving bioavailability, reducing antinutritional factors, and developing stable processing methods. As a nutrient-dense and culturally relevant plant, T. cucumerina could contribute to sustainable, food-based strategies for improving dietary quality.