How does transport supply and mobility behaviour impact preferences for MaaS bundles? A multi-city approach

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) bundle design has recently gained increasing attention. Previous work has identified socio-demographics and current travel behaviour as drivers towards adopting MaaS bundles. Yet, the focus has been on (scientific) trials in one specific area or on one specific service. We extend this work by analysing the influence of transport supply and mobility behaviour on preferences for MaaS bundles in multiple cities. To this end, we conduct a stated preference experiment in 83 cities in Germany. Respondents choose between two MaaS bundle options and one pay-as-you-go option. Besides public transport, we include shared e-scooters and bikes or carsharing and ridepooling in the bundles. To integrate city characteristics we merge this data with supply data from the shared services and data about public transport quality in the respective cities. We find previous shared mobility usage to positively and car usage to negatively influence bundle uptake. While included units are crucial for bundles integrating car-based shared modes, additional prices beyond these units are more important for shared micro-mobility services. The quality of the local transport system and shared mobility supply is an important precondition for MaaS bundle uptake.