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PublicationTopic modelling for spatial insights: Uncovering space use from movement data( 2024-08-01)We present a novel approach to understanding space use by moving entities based on repeated patterns of place visits and transitions. Our approach represents trajectories as text documents consisting of sequences of place visits or transitions and applies topic modelling to the corpus of these documents. The resulting topics represent combinations of places or transitions, respectively, that repeatedly co-occur in trips. Visualisation of the results in the spatial context reveals the regions of place connectivity through movements and the major channels used to traverse the space. This enables understanding of the use of space as a medium for movement. We compare the possibilities provided by topic modelling to alternative approaches exploiting a numeric measure of pairwise connectedness. We have extensively explored the potential of utilising topic modelling by applying our approach to multiple real-world movement data sets with different data collection procedures and varying spatial and temporal properties: GPS road traffic of cars, unconstrained movement on a football pitch, and episodic movement data reflecting social media posting events. The approach successfully demonstrated the ability to uncover meaningful patterns and interesting insights. We thoroughly discuss different aspects of the approach and share the knowledge and experience we have gained with people who might be potentially interested in analysing movement data by means of topic modelling methods.
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PublicationArtificial Intelligence. What Is Behind the Technology of the Future?(Springer Nature, 2024-05-16)Artificial Intelligence (AI) is already present in our daily routines, and in the future, we will encounter it in almost every aspect of life - from analyzing X-rays for medical diagnosis, driving autonomous cars, maintaining complex machinery, to drafting essays on environmental problems and drawing imaginative pictures. The potentials of AI are enormous, while at the same time many myths, uncertainties and challenges circulate that need to be tackled. The English translation of the book "Künstliche Intelligenz - Was steckt hinter der Technologie der Zukunft?" originally published in German (Springer Vieweg, 2020), this book is addressed to the general public, from interested citizens to corporate executives who want to develop a better and deeper understanding of AI technologies and assess their consequences. Mathematical basics, terminology, and methods are explained in understandable language. Adaptations to different media such as images, text, and speech and the corresponding generative models are introduced. A concluding discussion of opportunities and challenges helps readers evaluate new developments, demystify them, and assess their relevance for the future.
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PublicationDeveloping trustworthy AI applications with foundation models( 2024-04)
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PublicationKreativität der generativen KI( 2024-03-28)In diesem Beitrag wird die Frage diskutiert, ob auch Systeme der generativen KI kreative Inhalte erzeugen können. Es wird zunächst beschrieben, wie solche Systeme intern funktionieren und wie sie potenziell neue Inhalte generieren können. Anschließend wird der kreative Prozess diskutiert und es wird überprüft, ob KI-Systeme kreative Leistungen für die unterschiedlichen Medien Text, Bild und Musik erbringen können. In standardisierten Tests konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Sprachmodell GPT-4 inzwischen kreativere Antworten produziert als Menschen. Ähnliche Tests haben ergeben, dass Bilder, die mit einer älteren Version von DALL-E erstellt wurden, nur schwer von Künstlerbildern zu unterscheiden sind. Aufgrund der stark verbesserten Detailgenauigkeit neuerer Systeme ist davon auszugehen, dass diese heute eine verbesserte Kreativität besitzen. Systeme zur Generierung von Musik können derzeit dagegen noch nicht mit der Kreativität menschlicher Komponist*innen mithalten.
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PublicationVertrauenswürdige KI-Anwendungen mit Foundation-Modellen entwickeln( 2024-01-22)
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PublicationGuideline for Designing Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence(Fraunhofer IAIS, 2023-02)Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made impressive progress in recent years and represents a a crucial impact on the economy and society. Prominent use cases include applications in medical diagnostics,key technology that has predictive maintenance and, in the future, autonomous driving. However, it is clear that AI and business models based on it can only reach their full potential if AI applications are developed according to high quality standards and are effectively protected against new AI risks. For instance, AI bears the risk of unfair treatment of individuals when processing personal data e.g., to support credit lending or staff recruitment decisions. Serious false predictions resulting from minor disturbances in the input data are another example - for instance, when pedestrians are not detected by an autonomous vehicle due to image noise. The emergence of these new risks is closely linked to the fact that the process for developing AI applications, particularly those based on Machine Learning (ML), strongly differs from that of conventional software. This is because the behavior of AI applications is essentially learned from large volumes of data and is not predetermined by fixed programmed rules.
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PublicationBig Data 2.0 - mit synthetischen Daten KI-Systeme stärken( 2023)Bei der Anwendung von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) sind fehlende Daten immer noch eine Kernherausforderung und die Kosten zur Beschaffung ein kritischer Faktor für die Wirtschaftlichkeit vieler Geschäftsmodelle. Synthetische, also künstlich generierte Daten bilden einen Ausweg. Ein vielversprechender Lösungsansatz besteht darin, für die Datensynthese selbst ein KI-Modell einzusetzen.
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PublicationReinforcement Learning for Segmented Manufacturing( 2023)The manufacturing of large components is, in comparison to small components, cost intensive. This is due to the sheer size of the components and the limited scalability in number of produced items. To take advantage of the effects of small component production we segment the large components into smaller parts and schedule the production of these parts on regular-sized machine tools. We propose to apply and adapt recent developments in reinforcement learning in combination with heuristics to efficiently solve the resulting segmentation and assignment problem. In particular, we solve the assignment problem up to a factor of 8 faster and only a few percentages less accurate than a classic solver from operations research.
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PublicationKI-Engineering in der Produktion(Fraunhofer Verlag, 2023)
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PublicationExtracting Movement-based Topics for Analysis of Space Use( 2023)We present a novel approach to analyze spatio-temporal movement patterns using topic modeling. Our approach represents trajectories as sequences of place visits and moves, applies topic modeling separately to each collection of sequences, and synthesizes results. This supports the identification of dominant topics for both place visits and moves, the exploration of spatial and temporal patterns of movement, enabling understanding of space use. The approach is applied to two real-world data sets of car movements in Milan and UK road traffic, demonstrating the ability to uncover meaningful patterns and insights.
