Molecular Identification of Human and Plant Pathogens in Municipal Domestic Wastewater for Hydroponic System Applications

Water is essential for human survival and socioeconomic development, yet its overconsumption threatens global food security and ecosystem integrity. This necessitates a 60% increase in food production, further straining water resources. Hydroponic systems represent a promising solution, utilizing up to 90% less water than traditional methods while providing optimal growing conditions for crops. This study was aimed at developing a PCR-based detection system for main human and plant pathogens in hydroponic systems using treated domestic wastewater. Metagenomic analysis of wastewater samples revealed significant microbial diversity, identifying human pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yersinia enterocolitica, alongside plant pathogens including Rhodococcus fascians. Specific primer pairs for the most abundant species found in a domestic municipal wastewater sample of target pathogens (Streptococcus mutans, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Y. enterocolitica, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas viridiflava, R. fascians, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, and Pseudomonas syringae) were designed and validated, ensuring high specificity and efficiency. Future research should focus on enhancing detection methods and optimizing DNA extraction techniques to improve pathogen quantification and management in hydroponic systems. This approach is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices that minimize water usage while ensuring food safety and environmental health.