Observed and modeled Arctic airmass transformations during warm air intrusions and cold air outbreaks

Profiles of thermodynamic and cloud properties and their transformations during Arctic Warm Air Intrusions (WAIs) and Cold Air Outbreaks (CAOs) were observed during an aircraft campaign, and simulated using the ICON weather prediction model. The data were collected along flight patterns aimed at sampling the same air parcels multiple times, enabling Eulerian and quasi-Lagrangian measurement-model comparisons and model process studies. Within the Eulerian framework, the temperature profiles agreed well with the ICON output although a small model bias of -0.9 K was detected over sea ice during CAOs. Also, the air parcels did not adjust to the changing surface skin temperature quickly enough. The specific humidity profiles were reproduced by ICON with mean deviations of 6.0 % and 19.5 % for WAIs and CAOs, respectively. Radar reflectivities based on ICON output captured the vertical cloud distributions during the airmass transformations. The simulated process rates of temperature and humidity along the trajectories showed that adiabatic processes dominated the heating and cooling of the air parcels over diabatic effects during both WAIs and CAOs. Of the diabatic processes, latent heating and turbulence had a stronger impact on the temperature process rates than terrestrial radiative effects, especially over the warm ocean surface during CAOs. Finally, a quasi-Lagrangian observation-model comparison was performed. For WAIs, the observed change rates of temperature and humidity were not perfectly captured in the simulations. For the CAOs, the calculated heating and moistening change rates of the airmasses were well represented by ICON with remaining deviations close to the surface.