Modelling the Metallization and Busbar Layout of Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells to Account for Losses in Cell-to-Module Analyses

The perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell technology is the most promising candidate to overcome the efficiency limitations that will be seen in the near future for industrial solar cells and modules. Hence, modeling perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells is important to not only optimize the metallization and busbar layout of the tandem solar cells but also to investigate in more detail the influence of the main parameters of the solar cells on the cell-to-module (CTM) analysis to achieve the best module performance. In this study, a model was developed for tandem solar cells that features losses attributed to (1) the edge recombination of the solar cells due to cutting from full-size wafers, (2) different measurements of the current-voltage parameters of the tandem solar cells with technologies like wire- and pin-like methods and (3) solar cell degradation before interconnection of the tandem solar cells and implementing them into the module. The comparison of the developed tool called Gridmaster+ with published results based on the numerical simulation tool Quokka showed a good agreement in the modelled efficiency for different number of fingers and wires. Furthermore, the influence of cutting the tandem solar cells is shown, highlighting the impact of edge recombination on the solar cell and, hence, the module performance which shows that it is important to account for coupling the main parameters of the solar cells like size, design and layout as well as measurements to the CTM analysis.