Fundamental Limitation Caused by Optical Propagation: Issues Relevant to Implement "All-Optical" Technologies for Global Connectivity Using Space, Terrestrial and Underwater Communications

This paper presents a new architecture and novel technology for 3D optical networks in order to establish global communications and connectivity incorporating both entirely atmosphere and underwater terminals. The method is based on using adaptive optics (AO)-based transceivers for mitigating turbulence, and serial relay communications between small satellites, cluster of HAPs space terminals, and the ground (as well as underwater) terminal. Fundamental limitations caused by optical propagation through long slant paths associated with anisotropic and non-Kolmogorov turbulence, and their effects on optical communication design and performance are also addressed.