Coherence of novel policies for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: a multidimensional analysis of material flows and environmental impacts

The steep increase in electric vehicle sales observed today will lead to large quantities of lithium-ion batteries being retired
in the coming decades. Against the background of the new Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 with a stronger focus on
resource efficiency aspects, a multi-dimensional analysis was developed to analyse the material flows and environmental im pacts of passenger car electric vehicle batteries in the EU-27 for the years 2011 to 2050. We use a flexible model combining material flow analysis and life cycle assessment, which is suitable for the ex-ante assessment of material flows and environmental impacts of circular economy product policies. The model uses a layered approach where material and environmental impacts are de rived from product flows via a product database that defines physical properties for product variants. Our analysis aims to provide valuable insights into the impacts, trade-offs and coherence of novel policies, focusing on the impacts of a re cycled content requirement and material-specific minimum recycling efficiencies. By assessing the market impacts, we aim to contribute to the development of effective policies that promote energy efficien cy and resource conservation in the context of battery man agement. The results of this study can inform decision-making
processes and support the transition to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly electric vehicle industry.