Dietary carbohydrates induce a higher SDA than lipids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) based on environmental temperature

As global temperatures increase so do the needs to investigate how the energy metabolism of fish responds to a broad range of thermal condition. Limited resources make it additionally important to use them sustainably in the feeds for aquaculture. Here we investigated the use of three different carbohydrate to lipid ratios (1:1; 1: 0.6; 1.4: 1 as non-protein energy substrates (NPES) in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under five different thermal regimes (12; 14; 16; 18; 20 °C) in a bioenergetic approach using a group respirometer. The results showed that the diet with carbohydrate as the main NPES resulted in a quadratic relationship of the specific dynamic action (SDA) values to temperature while diets with lipid as main NPES or a balanced ratio did not show such a response. SDA values in the diet with carbohydrate as the main NPES were significantly higher at temperatures around the optimum (15–17 °C) than the diets with lipid as the main NPES or with a balanced carbohydrate to lipid ratio. The retained energy (RE) was highly dependent on the standard metabolic rate (SMR) and SDA values did not carry over onto them. The protein utilization for energy combustion was significantly lower at 12 °C in the diet with carbohydrate as the main NPES than in the diet with lipid as the main NPES thus indicating that carbohydrates hold a relevant nutritional value especially at lower temperatures.