Volatile Lubricants Injected Through Laser Drilled Micro Holes Enable Efficiently Hydrocarbon-Free Lubrication for Deep Drawing Processes

In order to reduce the use of classic lubricants such as synthetic or mineral oils, emulsions or waxes in the deep drawing process, a new tribological system based on volatile lubricants was investigated. In this system, a volatile medium is injected under high pressure through laser drilled micro holes directly into the contact zone between the tool and the sheet metal and serves as a temporary lubricant. In order to investigate this tribological system under realistic conditions, strip drawing experiments with different volatile lubricants (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and argon) were performed on galvanized sheets. Therefore, a new generation of strip drawing tools was designed and numerically calculated for low elastic deformations to ensure a uniform contact pressure distribution over the entire friction contact area. To obtain a homogeneous distribution of the volatile lubricants, a number of micro holes with a depth of several millimeters were drilled into the hardened strip drawing jaws using ultrashort pulsed laser radiation. Taking into account the capabilities of this laser drilling technique in terms of size and shape of the micro holes, computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to predict the flow behavior of the lubricant within the micro hole as well as the contact zone and were compared with observable effects in outflow tests. The chemical composition of the acting tribological layers was characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and their changes during the deep drawing process were correlated with the lubricants used as well as the measured wear and friction values.