Black-box caches fingerprinting

We propose the first methodologies for remotely inferring and fingerprinting the software of DNS caches in the Internet based solely on the exchange of queries/responses with the DNS platform. Our techniques are robust and cannot be altered in transit, e.g., by firewalls, which does not hold for the existing fingerprinting techniques. In particular, the only way to alter the outcome of our fingerprinting methods is by modifying the DNS software itself.