Incentive design, sizing and grid integration of residential PV systems with heat pumps and battery storage systems

Changing economics and regulatory requirements force investors and distribution network operators to reevaluate interdependencies between new incentives, sizing and operation as well as grid integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems combined with battery storage systems (BSSs) and heat pumps. Thus, this paper presents an optimization model and a case study to assess these interdependencies. It can be concluded that only the combination of market-based prices, peak charges and feed-in limits is an effective measure that provides operational incentives to mitigate power peaks while leading to PV sizes that are significantly larger than PV-only systems.