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  4. An Analysis of the Influence of Noneffective Instructions in Linear Genetic Programming
 
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2022
Journal Article
Titel

An Analysis of the Influence of Noneffective Instructions in Linear Genetic Programming

Abstract
Linear Genetic Programming (LGP) represents programs as sequences of instructions and has a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) dataflow. The results of instructions are stored in registers that can be used as arguments by other instructions. Instructions that are disconnected from the main part of the program are called noneffective instructions, or structural introns. They also appear in other DAG-based GP approaches like Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP). This article studies four hypotheses on the role of structural introns: noneffective instructions (1) serve as evolutionary memory, where evolved information is stored and later used in search, (2) preserve population diversity, (3) allow neutral search, where structural introns increase the number of neutral mutations and improve performance, and (4) serve as genetic material to enable program growth. We study different variants of LGP controlling the influence of introns for symbolic regression, classification, and digital circuits problems. We find that there is (1) evolved information in the noneffective instructions that can be reactivated and that (2) structural introns can promote programs with higher effective diversity. However, both effects have no influence on LGP search performance. On the other hand, allowing mutations to not only be applied to effective but also to noneffective instructions (3) increases the rate of neutral mutations and (4) contributes to program growth by making use of the genetic material available as structural introns. This comes along with a significant increase of LGP performance, which makes structural introns important for LGP.
Author(s)
Dal Piccol Sotto, Léo Francoso
Fraunhofer-Institut für Algorithmen und Wissenschaftliches Rechnen SCAI
Rothlauf, Franz
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Veloso de Melo, Vinícius
Wawanesa Insurance, Department of Data Analytics, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Basgalupp, Márcio Porto
Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Zeitschrift
Evolutionary computation
Thumbnail Image
DOI
10.1162/evco_a_00296
Language
English
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Fraunhofer-Institut für Algorithmen und Wissenschaftliches Rechnen SCAI
Tags
  • Linear Genetic Progra...

  • noneffective instruct...

  • intron

  • neutral search

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