The Role of Surface Passivation Layer Preparation on Crystallization and Optoelectronic Performance of Hybrid Evaporated-Spincoated Perovskite Solar Cells

The main advantages of the organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cell technology are high efficiencies achieved after short development time in combination with rather simple solution-based processing. In this paper, we address remaining challenges by presenting a low-temperature two-step hybrid evaporation-spincoating method that combines high reproducibility with easy fabrication and high stabilized efficiencies, which is compatible with the processing of pervoskite silicon tandem solar cells and avoids using hazardous solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. Lead iodide (PbI 2 ) is thermally evaporated and subsequently converted into a compact crystalline perovskite layer by methylammonium iodide spincoating. Moreover, the role of the interface passivation between perovskite absorber and electron transport layer on crystallization and optoelectronic properties of the perovskite absorber is investigated within a systematic thickness and concentration variation of [6, 6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester passivation layer and by analyzing charge extraction with spatial and time resolved photoluminescence measurements. With an optimized charge extraction, 18.2% stabilized efficiency under one sun illumination is achieved. This is the highest value reported so far for the single junction perovskite solar cells made by a two-step hybrid evaporation-spincoating method.