Secured geographic forwarding in wireless multimedia sensor networks

Two Phase geographic Greedy Forwarding (TPGF) is a pure on-demand geographic greedy forwarding protocol for transmitting multimedia streams in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), which has explicit route discovery, i.e., a node greedily forwards a routing packet to the neighbor that is the closest one to the destination to build a route. Like most geographic routing protocols, TPGF is vulnerable to some greedy forwarding attacks, e.g., spoofing or modifying control packets. As the first research effort that investigates the secure routing protocol in WMSNs, in this paper, we identify vulnerabilities in TPGF and propose corresponding countermeasures, e.g., secure neighbor discovery and route discovery, and propose the SecuTPGF, an extended version of TPGF, which exactly follows the original TPGF protocol's routing mechanism but with enhanced security and reliability. The effectiveness of SecuTPGF is proved by conducting security analysis and evaluation experiments.