Introduction to neuroprosthetics

Neuroprosthetics is a comparatively young, dynamically developing subject with double-digit sales growth rates. Due to the preconditions on implantability, biocompatibility, and miniaturization, it is strongly linked to the development of microsystems technology, nanotechnology, information technology, biotechnology, and the application of new materials. The fields of application of neuroprostheses are diseases associated with impairments of myogenic or neurogenic functions. These can lead to the loss of the whole function. Neuroprostheses use electric stimuli to stimulate neural structures, muscles or receptors, in order to support, augment or partly restore the respective disordered or lost function. Functional disorders include paralysis after stroke, reduced hearing, tremor as an example of movement disorders, or the loss of an extremity. Often, the use of a neural prosthesis can improve the quality of life of the person concerned. The objective is to help the patient to participate in everyday life. Thus, cosmetic, ethical, and social aspects always have to be considered.