T(H)17 cells mediate pulmonary collateral priming

BACKGROUND: Our laboratory has shown that inhalational sensitization to new antigens is facilitated through an ongoing T(H)2-polarized inflammation of the lung, a phenomenon we call "collateral priming." OBJECTIVE: We were interested to analyze whether a T(H)1-polarized pulmonary inflammation also facilitates priming toward new antigens and which cytokine or cytokines are involved. METHODS: T(H)1-polarized T cells were generated in vitro and transferred into congenic mice. Mice were challenged initially with cognate antigen and an unrelated antigen; consecutively, they received cognate antigen or the secondary antigen. Airway inflammation, antigen-specific IgG2a levels, and airway hyperresponsiveness were assessed to determine the inflammatory phenotype, with antibody blocking studies used to determine cytokine requirements for T(H)1 collateral priming. RESULTS: Our experiments revealed that ongoing inflammation of the lung induced by the transfer of T(H)1-polarized cells also facilitates priming toward new antigens, which results in lymphocytic inflammation of the lung. Interestingly, blocking studies identified IL-17A as a major contributor to this pathology. Accordingly, we could demonstrate for the first time that T(H)17-polarized cells alone can facilitate priming toward new antigens, inducing lymphocytic airway inflammation and strong airway hyperresponsiveness. Flow cytometric analysis revealed priming of endogenous T cells for IL-17A secretion with a distinct memory/effector phenotype compared to T(H)1 cells, thus presenting an exciting model to further elucidate differentiation of T(H)17 cells. CONCLUSIONS: We show that airway inflammation mediated by T(H)17 cells facilitates sensitization to new antigens and confers increased airway responsiveness in a murine model of polysensitization, suggesting a mechanism involving IL-17A behind the increased risk for allergic sensitization in polysensitized subjects.