Designing optimal fast-charging infrastructure for various electric vehicle ranges in emerging-market city

This study highlights the crucial role of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) in decarbonizing transportation systems in emerging markets, focusing on the challenge posed by limited charging infrastructure, which hampers BEV adoption. It proposes a flow-based optimization model that incorporates multiple driving ranges, multi-period assessment, and capacitated charging stations that based on a queuing model to determine the optimal fast-charging infrastructure for a densely populated emerging-market city, specifically the Greater Jakarta Area. Given a widespread access to home charging, this study focuses on meeting the en-route charging demand of long-distance drivers. The proposed model shows that endogenously integrating variations in BEV ranges provides more detailed distributions of station locations, all while maintaining reasonable solution times. Findings indicate an optimal ratio of 218 BEVs per fast charger by 2050, consisting of 372 sites equipped with approximately 62,800 chargers. Over half of these sites require more than 100 chargers to be installed and are mainly positioned along highway corridors. Given the high population density and limited land availability in the area, this study also explores profitability and land utilization aspects, offering strategic guidance to plan the rollout of charging infrastructure in regions with similar characteristics.