Fast frequency response with BESS: A comparative analysis of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden

Technical regulatory frameworks have a great influence in the operation and prospects for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) as providers of fast frequency response. Following this premise, provision of fast frequency response with BESS in Germany, Great Britain and Sweden is analyzed for the products available in each country. An operation strategy, which dynamically utilizes degrees of freedom (DEGOF) found explicitly or implicitly in regulation, maintains the battery's state of charge (SoC) while also reducing cycling. The extent to which the operation strategy is beneficial for BESS prospects is limited by the adequacy of the technical regulatory framework and the available DEGOF. This strategy provides operational improvements for all products considered, with the largest improvement potentials seen for the products available in Great Britain (FFR and EFR).