Integration concepts for multi-organ chips: How to maintain flexibility?!

Multi-organ platforms have an enormous potential to lead to a paradigm shift in a multitude of research domains including drug development, toxicological screening, personalized medicine as well as disease modeling. Integrating multiple organ-tissues into one microfluidic circulation merges the advantages of cell lines (human genetic background) and animal models (complex physiology) and enables the creation of more in vivo-like in vitro models. In recent years, a variety of design concepts for multi-organ platforms have been introduced, categorizable into static, semistatic and flexible systems. The most promising approach seems to be flexible interconnection of single-organ platforms to application-specific multi-organ systems. This perspective elucidates the concept of 'mix-and-match' toolboxes and discusses the numerous advantages compared with static/semistatic platforms as well as remaining challenges.