Dilemma Model of Cooperative Guidance and Control to solve the speed-certainty-dilemma in Human-Autonomy Teaming: First Sketch

This short-paper describes a work in progress developed in a NATO research task group on Meaningful Human Control over AI-based systems, which is also applicable to any safety critical system where human and AI cooperate on time critical decisions. The paper introduces the topic, especially control, and sketches a fundamental model of cooperative guidance & control in Human-Autonomy Teaming which structures the cognition and action process under the speed-certainty dilemma, derived from the speed-accuracy tradeoff. Starting point of the model are two coupled OODA-loops (Observe Orient Decide Act) of a human and an AI-based co-system, which are extended to a cooperative guidance and control model. The model itself is not yet a solution to the speed-certainty dilemma but helps to structure future research and prepare future experiments. It is important to discuss the fundamental dilemma of time critical control and its model right now, because the time pressure to develop systems which can flght at machine speed against high speed weapons like Russia's Ch-47M2 ('Kinschal') is eminent. Another urgent example is that of loitering munition, where it makes a big difference whether the operator is doing the final decision, or the co-system. The model can also be applied to civil systems, as demonstrated with an example from AI-supported manufacturing.