Battery electric long-haul trucks in Europe: Public charging, energy, and power requirements

Electric battery trucks (BETs) have the potential to significantly reduce emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. However, adopting BETs for long-haul operations depends on the availability of sufficient charging infrastructure. In this study, we use a trip chain model to assess the charging requirements for BETs in long-haul operations in Europe in 2030. Our model accounts for truck driving regulations and different stop types. We find that the number of overnight chargers (50-100 kW) required is 4-5 times higher than the number of megawatt chargers (0.7-1.2 MW) needed to support a BET share of 15% in long-haul operations. We estimate that approximately 40,000 overnight and 9,000 megawatt chargers are required, with an average of eight overnight and two megawatt chargers per charging area serving an average of two and 11 BETs daily, respectively. These findings provide insights for planning charging infrastructure for BETs in long-haul operations in Europe.