Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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Coal, power and coal-powered politics in Indonesia

2022 , Ordonez, Jose Antonio , Jakob, Michael , Steckel, Jan C. , Fünfgeld, Anna

Indonesia is among the countries with the largest planned coal power capacity additions worldwide, thereby posing a substantial challenge for global climate change mitigation goals. To understand the underlying political drivers, we carry out expert interviews and examine how individual actors and their objectives, as well as the country context, influence energy policy formulation. We find that under President Joko Widodo, energy policy formulation has been driven by the development of public infrastructure, while securing popularity for the presidential election in 2019. State-owned enterprises represent a source of political patronage and are employed to achieve those goals. Diminishing export markets have incentivized the politically well-connected and highly concentrated Indonesian coal industry to lobby for the construction of coal-fired power plants in order to raise domestic demand. There is also a strong incentive to sustain coal mining as a key economic activity, as associated royalties significantly contribute to local and national public budgets. Local pollution and climate change mitigation are of low priority. Despite the government's documented awareness of the energy sector as the biggest contributor to future emissions, climate protection is narrowly framed as a forestry and land-use issue.

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Faults and failures in smart buildings: A new tool for diagnosis

2021 , Najeh, Houda , Singh, Mahendra , Ploix, Stephane

Building systems are equipped with building automation system, supervisory controllers, and a lot of sensors which make them complex systems. In this context, technical malfunctions can have a huge impact on building operation and occupant's comfort. To make a resilient building management system, it is important to identify the severity, cause, and type of each fault using fault diagnosis techniques. The first step for a building diagnostic framework is the designing of tests. To make a test, data are required from different sensors. Due to a battery problem, sensors yield gaps. The delay between two data sent depends on the measured value and the type of sensor and the question that arises is from which delay, a sensor becomes faulty? This is a challenge. In a building system, there is no universal test, but there are contextual tests with limited validity. These local contexts are measured with potentially faulty sensors, and the problem is how to conclude about a test that can be valid or not knowing that validity can only be tested with possibly faulty sensors? This is also a complex problem to solve. A test is characterized by thresholds i.e. the behavioral constraints which are either satisfied or unsatisfied. Uncertainty is related to the validity constraints. Indeed, it is difficult to set a threshold for the level of validity from which we can conclude if a test is valid or not. In this work, the proposed methodology of diagnosis comprises the diagnosis from the first principle because it allows us to determine the minimum diagnoses with explanation at component level. Moreover, the diagnostic results are calculated from a set of tests, each one is defined by its level of validity and the problem is how to conclude in terms of diagnosis and how to take into account the level of validity in the diagnosis? The objective of this work is to highlight these challenges as well as to provide a strategy about how to solve them. A real application has been studied for validation: a platform at the University of Southern Denmark.

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Deutschland auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität 2045. Ariadne-Report. Zusammenfassung

2021 , Luderer, Gunnar , Günther, Claudia , Sörgel, Dominika , Kost, Christoph , Benke, Falk , Auer, Cornelia , Koller, Florian , Herbst, Andrea , Reder, Klara , Böttger, Diana , Ueckerdt, Falko , Pfluger, Benjamin , Wrede, Daniel , Strefler, Jessica , Merfort, Anne , Rauner, Sebastian , Siala, Kais , Schlichenmaier, Simon

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Methoden der prospektiven Technologiebetrachtung / Technikvorausschau

2021 , Cuhls, Kerstin

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Technische und menschliche Unterstützung von Menschen mit Behinderungen - Anforderungen an eine gelingende Inklusion

2022 , Bratan, Tanja , Nierling, Linda , Maia, Maria

Die Schaffung einer inklusiven, reflexiven und innovativen Gesellschaft wird in Deutschland aktuell u.a. mit dem Nationalen Aktionsplan zur UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention 2.0 umgesetzt. Dennoch besteht bei der Inklusion von Menschen mit Behinderungen auf praktischer Ebene Verbesserungsbedarf, so existieren bspw. Herausforderungen in Bezug auf die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz oder den Zugang zu bedarfsgerechten Assistiven Technologien (AT). Diese haben bei der Inklusion eine wichtige Funktion, da sie ihre Benutzer:innen in der alltäglichen Lebensführung oder der Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt unterstützen können. Eine wesentliche Rolle für dieses Unterstützungspotenzial - sowohl für Low- als auch für Hightech-Lösungen - spielen die Zugänglichkeit und die Kosten, aber auch die Akzeptanz von AT, die wesentlich verbessert werden kann, wenn ein nutzerorientierter Design- und Entwicklungsprozess verfolgt wird. Eine verantwortungsvolle Begleitung des Innovationsprozesses ist vor allem auch dann wichtig, wenn es um neue Entwicklungen im Feld der AT, z.B. künstliche Intelligenz, geht. Für eine gelingende Inklusion spielt neben der nutzerorientierten Technikgestaltung auch die staatliche Regulierung eine wichtige Rolle, da so die Einbettung und Nutzung von AT auf der persönlichen Ebene gefördert werden kann. Anhand von zwei Szenarien werden im Kapitel unterschiedliche Zukunftspfade für die Unterstützung der Inklusion durch AT aufgezeigt. Wesentliche Faktoren für die zukünftige Entwicklung sind das gesellschaftliche Klima und die soziale Einbettung technischer Lösungen. Drei Handlungsfelder für eine gelingende Inklusion können abgeleitet werden: 1) Die Bereitstellung sowohl menschlicher und technischer Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten, abgestimmt auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse und Fähigkeiten, 2) die strategische Priorisierung der breiten Verfügbarkeit von AT, parallel dazu die Entwicklung von Hightech-Lösungen, die eines Tages breit verfügbar sein könnten, und 3) die Förderung eines inklusionsfreundlichen gesellschaftlichen Klimas.

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Politik als Innovationstreiberin

2021 , Weissenberger-Eibl, Marion A.

Die Förderung zukunftsfähiger Innovationen steht in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen Sicherung des Wohlstandes und langfristiger Nachhaltigkeit.

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Die Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung nach der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung: Praktisches Tool für Transformation?

2021 , Martin, Nicholas , Friedewald, Michael

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The diffusion of industrial robots

2022 , Dachs, Bernhard , Fu, Xiaolan , Jäger, Angela

Over the last 20 years, industrial robots have become more flexible, adaptive, and powerful. The worldwide diffusion of industrial robots increased significantly, especially after the global financial crisis of 2008/09. Despite this growth, industrial robots are unevenly distributed across countries, sectors, and firms and still far from being a general-purpose technology. Today, firms in Asian countries install more industrial robots than America, Europe, and Africa combined. China is the largest user of industrial robots. The manufacturing sector is by far the major application domain for robots, in particular the automotive and the electrical/electronics industries. Outside manufacturing, only few robots are installed. Robots are still an exception in small firms and for the production in smaller batches or single units. Evidence for an uneven diffusion of robots can also be found in comparisons of the intensity of robot use across countries which is very much driven by industrial structure.

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Economic impact assessment of raw material efficiency

2021 , Hartwig, Johannes , Pfaff, Matthias

In this chapter, we try to disentangle the theoretical background for assessing the macroeconomic impacts of raw material efficiency strategies. We concentrate our discussion on a case study of copper for Germany and show the reasoning behind the implementation in a macroeconomic assessment framework using a system dynamics model. Resource decoupling is one of the vital strategies for limiting environmental impacts of resource extraction and processing while preserving economic growth. It is therefore important to understand the dynamic complexities related to the possible side effects of resource efficiency strategies. The contribution addresses the concern that the sum of the effects may occur on different scales and accrue to different actors in the system, rendering the policy process increasingly complex. We try to show how an effective policy support system can be constructed for resource efficiency measures, which help to compare the outcome of policy modelling exercises.

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The impact of electric vehicles on energy systems

2021 , Jochem, Patrick , Whitehead, Jake , Dütschke, Elisabeth

Electric vehicles are seen as an opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector given their high-energy efficiency. Their impact on energy systems is, however, more ambiguous. If vehicle charging is uncontrolled, they may risk the stability of electricity grids. Conversely, if their charging is intelligently controlled, they could provide multiple dividends in that they reduce emissions in the transport sector while simultaneously providing significant load flexibilities in energy systems, and accelerating the integration of more fluctuating renewable electricity sources, such as wind and solar. As a result, they help to increase energy system efficiency, and in turn, put downward pressure on energy prices. The energy autarky of private households may also increase. While the technical requirements of unlocking these benefits are straightforward, ultimately the efficient integration of electric vehicles with energy systems is limited by user acceptance.

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