Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    China's technological performance as reflected in patents
    ( 2022)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Gehrke, Birgit
    Various concepts for the comparison of countries by patent indicators have been developed for the comparison of countries based on patent indicators. These concepts are generally based on the application of patents in several important markets or the family size of patent applications. A specific observation is the limited transfer of PCT applications of Chinese origin, affecting all these concepts. Transnational patents prove to be a convenient and appropriate tool for making country comparisons by technology, particularly with respect to adequately consider China's specific patent behaviour. Therefore the phenomenon of limited transfer of China's PCT applications is analysed for transnational patents. This observation can be associated with lower patent values or with a decreasing export dynamic. The Chinese transfer rates vary considerably by technology as well as by the reason for lower transfer rates. It proves to be more adequate to take limited transfer rates into account.
  • Publication
    The implicit preference of bibliometrics for basic research
    ( 2020)
    Donner, Paul
    ;
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    By individually associating articles to basic or applied research, it is shown that basic articles are cited more frequently than applied ones. Dividing the subject categories of the Web of Science into a basic and an applied part, the mean field-normalization rate is referred to the applied or basic part depending on the research orientation of the paper analysed. By this approach, a distinct difference of the citations for the applied and basic parts of most subject categories is found. However, differences of the citation scores of applied and basic research organisations are found as well, but are less clear. The explanation is that applied and basic research organisations generally publish a mix of basic and applied articles. Inconsequence, the standard normalization without distinction of basic and applied papers is generally sufficient for the bibliometric assessment of research organisations.
  • Publication
    Mean values of skewed distributions in the bibliometric assessment of research units
    ( 2020)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    Nearly all distributions in bibliometrics are skewed. In particular, the distribution of citations of publications by research units is skewed. In a statistical view, the calculation of mean values can imply misleading or even wrong information. However, in citation analysis, the calculation of mean values of skewed distributions are standard. Therefore, when ranking research units, it is recommended instead to replace the calculation of standard mean values by the calculation of adjusted mean values to exclude outliers with very high citations and those with very few or no citations as well. Such an adjusted mean value is oriented on the standard activity of a research unit and results in a more adequate assessment. This approach is based on the Hirsch-index concept. The calculation results in a different ranking of research units, which may be important in cases where the distribution of finances depends on bibliometric rankings. In addition, a differentiation between standard activities and excellent results is possible, thus opening two dimensions of the assessment of research units.
  • Publication
    Impact assessment of a support programme of science-based emerging technologies
    ( 2019)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Beckert, Bernd orcid-logo
    ;
    Schaper-Rinkel, Petra
    The impact assessment of support programmes of science-based emerging technologies requires the analysis of several dimensions of performance, as these programmes refer to used-inspired basic research which is linked to basic research as well as to technological application. Bibliometric analysis proves to be a useful tool for capturing different aspects of performance. In the specific programme ""future emerging technologies"", interdisciplinarity turns out to be crucial for achieving excellent and creative outcomes. Furthermore, the orientation on risky projects yields some excellent results, but few failures.
  • Publication
    Establishing a World-Class University in Saudi Arabia. Intended and unintended effects
    ( 2016)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Fardoun, Habib M.
    ;
    Mashat, Abdulfattah S.
    The manifold activities in Southeast Asian countries for establishing World-Class Universities are observed since several years. In contrast, the substantial efforts in Arabian countries are barely noticed. As illustrative example, the King Abdulaziz University has enormously increased the quantity and quality of its research reflected in a growing number of articles and rising citation scores. This development implies a steadily improving position in rankings such as the Shanghai Ranking, but the investment is not unilaterally focussed on research, but education profited as well. The amelioration in science is substantially based on new academic staff from foreign countries experienced in high level research, but the number of nationals, male and female, significantly rose as well. The investment in research and education has to be considered as starting point of a long-term strategy of economic development for coping with the foreseeable end of the oilboom.
  • Publication
    Knowledge transfer from German universities into the service sector as reflected by service marks
    ( 2014)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    Science policy increasingly requires that universities engage in transfer activities with a focus on technology transfer. With the considerable weight of the service sector in the economy the service transfer will get more attention. An appropriate indicator for analysing service innovations are service marks. This type of investigation reveals a growing activity of German universities in services with a focus on education, in particular further education. The mark analysis shows a relevant international competition in the market of higher education. In other fields like financial and business consultancy or medical services, the German universities as institutions exhibit a certain activity as well, but first of all university professors privately. As mark applications are linked to considerable formal requirements, additional surveys should be conducted to grasp the informal activities in service transfer as well. In any case, the amount of service transfer is quite considerable, so that the discourse on third mission of Higher Education Institutions will get a new perspective.
  • Publication
    Impact of bibliometric studies on the publication behaviour of authors
    ( 2014)
    Michels, C.
    ;
    Schmoch, U. orcid-logo
    It has been widely discussed how individuals change the way they act and react in studies just because they are under observation. In this paper, we try to analyse how this so-called Hawthorne effect applies to researchers that are the subject of bibliometric investigations. This encompasses individual assessments as well as international performance comparisons. We test various bibliometric indicators for notable changes in the last decade from a world-wide perspective and deduce explanations for changes from the observations. We then concentrate on the behaviour of German authors in particular, to show national trends. The German publication behaviour is evaluated in regard to citation rates and collaborations in publications and size, publisher country and impact of the journals chosen for publication. We can conclude that authors adapt their publication behaviour to aim for journals that are more internationally known and have a US publisher. Also, a trend from more specialized journals to journals with a broader scope can be observed that raises the question whether the implicit penalization of specialized fields in the bibliometrics leads to undesired shifts in conducted research.
  • Publication
    Identification of university-based patents: A new large-scale approach
    ( 2013)
    Dornbusch, Friedrich
    ;
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Schulze, Nicole
    ;
    Bethke, Nadine
    Recent political initiatives and changes in the intellectual property rights systems of European countries call for improved evaluation methods. The aim of this article is to present a new approach to the identification of academic patents and to test its applicability. The approach is based on the matching of author names from scientific publications with inventor names from patent filings and is demonstrated by university-based patents in Germany. Measuring academic patent activity remains a complex task, as there are many cases of university-based patents not being filed by the universities themselves. Previous approaches relying on official staff lists of universities or searches for keywords provided interesting new findings. But, they tend to be time-consuming and cost-intensive or are to a large extent based on estimations. In this article, we show that our suggested approach is a reliable, but less expensive alternative. Besides significant methodological contributions, the article also indicates promising future research avenues for country comparisons, comparisons over time, and analyses at the level of individual academic institutions.
  • Publication
    The growth of science and database coverage
    ( 2012)
    Michels, Carolin
    ;
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    Recently there has been huge growth in the number of articles displayed on the Web of Science (WoS), but it is unclear whether this is linked to a growth of science or simply additional coverage of already existing journals by the database provider. An analysis of the category of journals in the period of 2000-2008 shows that the number of basic journals covered by Web of Science (WoS) steadily decreased, whereas the number of new, recently established journals increased. A rising number of older journals is also covered. These developments imply a crescive number of articles, but a more significant effect is the enlargement of traditional, basic journals in terms of annual articles. All in all it becomes obvious that the data set is quite instable due to high fluctuation caused by the annual selection criteria, the impact factor. In any case, it is important to look at the structures at the level of specific fields in order to differentiate between "real" and "artificial" growth. Our findings suggest that even-though a growth of about 34 % can be measured in article numbers in the period of 2000-2008, 17 % of this growth stems from the inclusion of old journals that have been published for a longer time but were simply not included in the database so far.