Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    Growth of science and database coverage
    ( 2011)
    Michels, Carolin
    ;
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    In recent years the Web of Science (WoS) displays a tremendous growth of articles, but is unclear whether this observation is linked to a growth of science or simply an additional coverage of already existing journals by the database producer. An analysis of the category of journals in the period of 2000 to 2008 shows that the number of the basic journals from 2000 covered by WoS steadily decreases, whereas the number of new, recently established journals increases. In addition a rising number of older journals is covered in addition. These developments imply a crescive number of articles, but a relevant effect is the enlargement of the traditional, basic journals in terms of annual articles. All in all it becomes obvious that the data set is rather instable due to a high fluctuation caused by the annual selection criteria, the impact factor. In any case, it is possible to distinguish growth effects induced by the growth of science and those referring to an enlarged coverage linked to a lowering of the entry thresholds. It is important to look at the specific growth structures of a field for differentiating between "real" and "artificial" growth.
  • Publication
    Patents as potential indicators of the utility of EC research programmes
    ( 1990)
    Kuntze, U.
    ;
    Schmoch, U. orcid-logo
    ;
    Grupp, H.
    In the framework of the MONITOR-SPEAR programme of the Commission of the European Communities a critical review of the literature with regard to the utility of patent indicators being in use for evaluation world-wide has been undertaken. Availability, scope and complementary of these indicators are discussed. A practical tool to use patent indicators for evaluation committees of EC programmes is designed and recommendations for EC procedures are given. The suggested procedures will be implemented a longside three sample exercises. One of the exercise programmes is science-led (BEP and BAP), one industry-led (BRITE I) and one interphase (MHR). In this paper only selected examples with respect to the MHR programme are outlined and discussed. The project is not completed yet and only preliminary findings will be given in this paper. From the viewpoint of its present state it is concluded that patent indicators may play a very useful role within a mixed set of evaluation procedures. The in tersection with other methods is not very large, that is, patent indicators may provide supplementary information to a large extent. However, their use is limited to those types of programmes which are relevant for intellectual property rights mostly in the commercial realm. Patent indicators share with other evaluation tools the problem of best adjustment of time windows between observation and execution of the programme. Despite of these limitations, patent indicatores may be employed properly as output indicators related to ongoing EC programmes, but as well for prospective analysis of applied fields of R and D and may thus help in the definition phase of new R and D programmes.
  • Publication
    Analyse der technisch-wirtschaftlichen Ausstrahlungseffekte der Raumfahrtforschung mit Hilfe von Patentindikatoren
    ( 1990)
    Ley, E.
    ;
    Plescher, E.
    ;
    Schmoch, U. orcid-logo
    Until now, spin-offs from space technology have been analyzed by means of interviews conducted in the firms involved, a process harbouring a whole series of uncertainty factors. Potential spin-off fields are frequently ignored, and alleged transfers from space research often in reality stem from other sources. This survey develops an objective method of describing technology transfer based on patent-indicators. The first step was to establish online a total of some 3000 space patents filed since 1975 with destination to the European and American markets. This record is sufficient to permit an analysis of the RuD activities undertaken by the leading industrial nations in the space sector. With further assistance provided by the leading industrial nations in the space sector. With further assistance provided by the method of analyzing patent citations, however, it is then possible to discover spin-off effects in areas outside space technology, which are nevertheless closely related in te chnical terms to the basic space patents with which they are associated. In this way, it is possible to define areas which are particulary suited to adopt space technologies in earthbound applications. This method of analyzing citations, which in principle is familiar for describing technology transfer within any one technical field, has thus been successfully employed for the first time for analyzing spin-offs.