Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Informationstechnik FIT

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  • Publication
    Self-Tracking and Gamification: Analyzing the Interplay of Motivations, Usage and Motivation Fulfillment
    ( 2019)
    Gimpel, Henner
    ;
    Nüske, Niclas
    ;
    Rückel, Timon
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    ;
    Entreß-Fürsteneck, Matthias von
    The usage of wearable self-tracking devices has emerged as a big trend in lifestyle and personal optimization concerning health, fitness, and well-being. In this context, gamification elements have the potential to contribute to achieving desired user behavior. However, it is not fully understood to which extent the users perceive their self-tracking motivations as being fulfilled through the usage of a wearable self-tracking device, and how gamification affects the interplay of self-tracking motivations, wearable self-tracking device usage, and motivation fulfillment. To address this research gap, we develop a conceptual model and validate it with survey research and structural equation modeling. We find that self-tracking helps users to unexpectedly fulfill motivations without previously striving for them and that significant differences exist between the gamification users and non-users with respect to their motivations by selfentertainment and self-design.
  • Publication
    Disentangling the Concept and Role of Continuous Change for IS Research - A Systematic Literature Review
    ( 2019)
    Hinsen, Silvana
    ;
    Jöhnk, Jan
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    To ensure their business success in the digital age, organizations must continuously adapt to an increasingly hypercompetitive environment. Although the topic of continuous change has been addressed by previous research, we perceive a lack of attention on continuous change as an appropriate organizational change approach to tackle the challenges of digital business in the IS domain. Thus, our research goal is to analyze what IS research can learn from extant literature on continuous organizational change in today's business environments. By carrying out a systematic literature review and analyzing 34 relevant papers, we identify and describe five major research streams which explore continuous change from different perspectives. Furthermore, we discuss links to well-known theoretical concepts to stimulate interdisciplinary exchange and we present a research agenda to transfer the identified results into the IS domain. Finally, we provide organizations with guidance to manage the challenges of digital business.
  • Publication
    Machine Learning Approaches along the Radiology Value Chain - Rethinking Value Propositions
    ( 2019)
    Hofmann, Peter
    ;
    Oesterle, Severin
    ;
    Rust, Paul
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    Radiology is experiencing an increased interest in machine learning with its ability to use a large amount of available data. However, it remains unclear how and to what extent machine learning will affect radiology businesses. Conducting a systematic literature review and expert interviews, we compile the opportunities and challenges of machine learning along the radiology value chain to discuss their implications for the radiology business. Machine learning can improve diagnostic quality by reducing human errors, accurately analysing large amounts of data, quantifying reports, and integrating data. Hence, it strengthens radiology businesses seeking product or service leadership. Machine learning fosters efficiency by automating accompanying activities such as generating study protocols or reports, avoiding duplicate work due to low image quality, and supporting radiologists. These efficiency improvements advance the operational excellence strategy. By providing personnel and proactive medical solutions beyond the radiology silo, machine learning supports a customer intimacy strategy. However, the opportunities face challenges that are technical (i.e., lack of data, weak labelling, and generalisation), legal (i.e., regulatory approval and privacy laws), and persuasive (i.e., radiologists resistance and patients distrust). Our findings shed light on the strategic positioning of radiology businesses, contributing to academic discourse and practical decision-making.
  • Publication
    Juggling the Paradoxes - Governance Mechanisms in Bimodal IT Organizations
    ( 2019)
    Jöhnk, Jan
    ;
    Oesterle, Severin
    ;
    Winkler, Till J.
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    Nørbjerg, Jacob
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    The fundamental changes associated with digitalization demand businesses and public enterprises to balance exploitative and explorative capabilities in their internal IT function. One approach to balance these paradoxical demands is the adoption of twofold organizational structures often referred to as bimodal IT. While the IS literature has made recent advances in the description and analysis of bimodal organization structures, we still lack a deeper understanding of the inner workings within bimodal IT organizations and the potential tensions between traditional and agile IT. To address this research gap, we adopt IT governance mechanisms as an analytical framework to study two bimodal IT organization cases, one at a law enforcement agency and the other at an automotive company. We analyze data collected through fourteen semi-structured interviews using grounded theory techniques. We first identify challenges associated with the implementation of and the coordination within organization's bimodal IT organizations. We then identify the structural, procedural, and relational governance mechanisms used within these organizations and elucidate how they relate to the categories of challenges. Finally, we identify and describe five novel governance paradoxes of bimodal IT organizations that emerged as core concepts from this research. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
  • Publication
    Less Complex than Expected - What Really Drives IT Consulting Value
    ( 2019)
    Oesterle, Severin
    ;
    Buchwald, Arne
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    Digitalization has a broad impact and the risk of external disruption is omnipresent throughout all industries which also applies to IT consulting firms. One response to this threat is to understand better the determinants of how value is created during the joint work on an IT project. Although previous literature offers valuable starting points for explaining value co-creation, no previous research synthesizes service provider and client perspective in a comprehensive model and empirically explains the co-creation of IT consulting service value. We build on the service-dominant (S-D) logic as the fundamental meta-theory and evaluate our deductively derived structural model based on 113 collected responses from IT consulting projects using structural equation modeling. Our major finding is that IT consulting service value only seems to be determined by consultant capabilities. Our findings provide new insights for S-D logic and service science literature and potential for future research.
  • Publication
    Don't Slip on the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) - A Taxonomy for a Blockchain-enabled Form of Crowdfunding
    ( 2018)
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Regner, Ferdinand
    ;
    Schweizer, André
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    Blockchain is rapidly evolving and there is an increasing interest in the technology in both practice and academia. Recently, a blockchain use case called Initial Coin Offering (ICO) draws a lot of attention. ICO is a novel form of crowdfunding that utilizes blockchain tokens to allow for truly peer-to-peer investments. Although, more than 4.5 billion USD have been invested via ICOs, the phenomenon is poorly understood. Scientific research lacks a structured classification of ICOs to provide further insights into their characteristics. We bridge this gap by developing a taxonomy based on real-world ICO cases, related literature, and expert interviews. Further, we derive and discuss prevailing ICO archetypes. Our findings contribute to theory development in the field of ICOs by enriching the descriptive knowledge, identifying design options, deriving ICO archetypes, and laying the foundation for further research. Additionally, our research pro-vides several benefits for practitioners. Our proposed taxonomy illustrates that there is no one-size-fits-all model of ICOs and might support the decision-making process of start-ups, investors and regulators. The proposed ICO archetypes indicate how common ICOs are designed and thus might serves as best practices. Finally, our analysis indicates that ICOs represent a valid alter-native to traditional crowdfunding approaches.
  • Publication
    Insights into personal ICT use: Understanding continuance and discontinuance of wearable self-tracking devices
    ( 2018)
    Buchwald, Arne
    ;
    Letner, Albert
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    ;
    Entreß-Fürsteneck, Matthias von
    Wearable self-tracking devices become increasingly common in our society and reflect the trend to-wards the digitized individual. However, little is known what drives the continuance and discontinuance usage of such devices. To empirically analyze factors leading to continuance and discontinuance of wearable self-tracking device usage, we develop a conceptual model based on established post-adoption concepts and the dual-factor theory. We validate it by applying structural equation modeling on collected survey data among 357 self-tracking users. Whereas previous research focuses on predicting continuance intentions, our results reveal discontinuance to be another decisive determinant of usage behavior. Additionally, we provide insights into factors driving continuance and discontinuance intentions and derive practical implications for producers. Our results advance the theoretical dis-course on IS post-adoption behavior in a personal ICT context.
  • Publication
    A Solution in Search of a Problem: A Method for the Development of Blockchain Use Cases
    ( 2018)
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Lockl, Jannik
    ;
    Radszuwill, Sven
    ;
    Rieger, Alexander
    ;
    Schweizer, André
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    Blockchain technology is a very recent and fast evolving phenomenon with the potential to disrupt various industries. Organizations are thus increasingly looking at the technology and are forming multi-functional teams to evaluate the technology and its impact on their businesses. However, researchers and practitioners still lack a technology-driven, systematic approach to understand the potential of blockchain and to develop convincing use cases. We address this research gap by applying an action design research approach and situational method engineering to propose a method for the development of blockchain use cases. Following this approach, we iteratively evaluated and further developed the proposed method through application and testing in four distinct industries. We thus derive constructive knowledge at the cutting edge of digital transformation, innovation management, and utilization of emerging technologies. In addition, our research supports practitioners in systematically developing blockchain use cases.
  • Publication
    Cross-organizational workflow management using blockchain technology - towards applicability, auditability, and automation
    ( 2018)
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Radszuwill, Sven
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    ;
    Utz, Lena
    Bringing Blockchain technology and business process management together, we follow the Design Science Research approach and design, implement, and evaluate a Blockchain prototype for cross-organizational workflow management together with a German bank. For the use case of a documentary letter of credit we describe the status quo of the process, identify areas of improvement, implement a Blockchain solution, and compare both workflows. The prototype illustrates that the process, as of today paper-based and with high manual effort, can be significantly improved. Our research reveals that a tamper-proof process history for improved auditability, automation of manual process steps and the decentralized nature of the system can be major advantages of a Blockchain solution for cross-organization al workflow management. Further, our research provides insights how Blockchain technology can be used for business process management in general.
  • Publication
    Unchaining Social Businesses
    ( 2017)
    Schweizer, André
    ;
    Schlatt, Vincent
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    ;
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    Social businesses are increasingly gaining relevance as alternatives to traditional businesses. Nonetheless, such organizations face specific problems. The emerging blockchain technology may represent an opportunity to solve several problems of social businesses and an alternative to established technologies. However, evidence about the potential of blockchain in social businesses is missing. We bridge this gap by designing, developing, and evaluating a blockchain-based crowdlending platform of a social business, following the design science research approach. The evaluation and comparison to a non-blockchain solution allows us to generate generalizable knowledge and derive implications for both research and practice. Our research shows that blockchain enables otherwise unsustainable social business models, mainly by replacing intermediaries and requires changes in software engineering practices. Further, our findings illustrate that blockchain raises challenges and uncertainties and opens promising avenues for further research.