Fraunhofer-Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung IFU

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  • Publication
    Airborne measurements of nucleation mode particles I: Coastal nucleation and growth rates
    ( 2007)
    O'Dowd, C.D.
    ;
    Yoon, Y.J.
    ;
    Junkerman, W.
    ;
    Aalto, P.
    ;
    Kulmala, M.
    ;
    Lihavainen, H.
    ;
    Viisanen, Y.
    A light aircraft was equipped with a bank of Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) (50% cut from 3-5.4-9.6 nm) and a nano-Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (nSMPS) and deployed along the west coast of Ireland, in the vicinity of Mace Head. The objective of the exercise was to provide high resolution micro-physical measurements of the coastal nucleation mode in order to map the spatial extent of new particle production regions and to evaluate the evolution, and associated growth rates of the coastal nucleationmode aerosol plume. Results indicate that coastal new particle production is occurring over most areas along the landsea interface with peak concentrations at the coastal plume-head in excess of 106 cm-3. Pseudo-Lagrangian studies of the coastal plume evolution illustrated significant growth of new particles to sizes in excess of 8 nm approximately 10 km downwind of the source region. Close to the plume head (<1km) growth rates can be as high as 123-171 nm h-1, de creasing gradually to 53-72 nm h-1 at 3km. Further along the plume, at distances up to 10km, the growth rates are calculated to be 17-32 nm h-1. Growth rates of this magnitude suggest that after a couple of hours, coastal nucleation mode particles can reach significant sizes where they can contribution to the regional aerosol loading.
  • Publication
    Multipass open-path Fourier-transform infrared measurements for nonintrusive monitoring of gas turbine exhaust composition
    ( 2005)
    Schafer, K.
    ;
    Brockmann, K.
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    Heland, J.
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    Wiesen, P.
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    Jahn, C.
    ;
    Legras, O.
    The detection limits for NO and NO2 in turbine exhausts by nonintrusive monitoring have to be improved. Multipass mode Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectrometry and use of a White mirror system were found from a sensitivity study with spectra simulations in the mid-infrared to be essential for the retrieval of NO2 abundances. A new White mirror system with a parallel infrared beam was developed and tested successfully with a commercial FTIR spectrometer in different turbine test beds. The minimum detection limits for a typical turbine plume of 50 cm in diameter are approximately 6 parts per million (ppm) for NO and 9 ppm for NO2 (as well 100 ppm for CO2 and 4 ppm for CO).
  • Publication
    Factors and processes controlling the concentration of the cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be at high-altitude Alpine stations
    ( 2005)
    Gerasopoulos, E.
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    Zanis, P.
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    Zerefos, C.S.
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    Papastefanou, C.
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    Ringer, W.
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    Gäggeler, H.W.
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    Tobler, L.
    ;
    Kanter, H.J.
  • Patent
    Vorrichtung zur Messung eines Spektrums
    ( 2003)
    Misslbeck, M.
    ;
    Seckmayer, G.
    ;
    Thiel, S.
    Es wird eine Vorrichtung zur Messung eines Spektrums einer Strahlung, insbesondere im UV-Bereich, vorgeschlagen, das einen Eingangsspalt, eine Anordnung zum Aufspalten der einfallenden Strahlung in ein Spektrum und Abbilden des Eingangsspaltes auf eine erste Fokalebene nach Wellenlaengen getrennt aufweist. Eine erste Empfaengeranordnung ist zeilenfoermig in der ersten Fokalebene vorgesehen und erfasst einen ersten Wellenlaengenbereich. Weiterhin ist der ersten Fokalebene eine Oeffnung und hinter der eine zweite Anordnung zum Aufspalten der durch die Oeffnung gelangenden Strahlung in ein zweites Spektrum und Abbilden der Oeffnung der ersten Fokalebene in eine zweite Fokalebene vorgesehen. Eine zweite Empfaengeranordnung in der zweiten Fokalebene erfasst somit einen zweiten Wellenlaengenbereich selektiv.
  • Patent
    Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Nitrifikations- und/oder Denitrifikationsrate von Boeden und Vorrichtung hierzu
    ( 2003)
    Butterbach-Bahl, K.
    DE 19906872 A UPAB: 20001023 NOVELTY - Determining soil nitrification and denitrification rates comprising introducing a soil sample into a gas- and pressure-tight vessel to leave a gas space above the soil, hermetically sealing the vessel, and measuring the pressure, and oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at least at the start and end of an incubation period of 0.5-24 hours, is new. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for apparatus for carrying out the novel method, comprising a sealable gas-tight vessel having at least one pressure sensor access port and at least one sealable inlet. USE - For determining soil nitrification and denitrification rates using a complex set of equations given in the specification. ADVANTAGE - The method is simple and inexpensive.
  • Publication
    Metabolism of reduced and inorganic sulphur in pea cotyledons and distribution into developing seedlings
    ( 2002)
    Herschbach, C.
    ;
    Pilch, B.
    ;
    Tausz, M.
    ;
    Rennenberg, H.
    ;
    Grill, D.
    Sulphur export and redistribution from the cotyledons of pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings was investigated to determine the role of cotyledons as a sulphur source during root-shoot axis development. Thiols and sulphate were analysed using standard biochemical techniques, and S-35 fed to cotyledons by injection. After S-35-cysteine injection, c. 50% of the labelled S in the cotyledon was metabolized to S-35-sulphate. This reaction was partly inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of cysteine-desulfhydrase. After S-35-sulphate application, c. 1% of the radiolabel was found in cysteine and glutathione in the cotyledon. After 2 h, c. 20% of the S-35 was transported into the root-shoot axis independently of whether S-35-sulphate or S-35-cysteine was injected into the cotyledon. After 4 h, 40% of S-35 was found outside the cotyledon. Cotyledons of pea seedlings are capable of sulphate assimilation and cysteine degradation. Both sulphate and reduced sulphur were allocated from the cotyledons to the developing tissues of the pea seedlings.
  • Publication
    Tuning characteristics of InAsSb continuous-wave lasers
    ( 2002)
    Sherstnev, V.
    ;
    Krier, A.
    ;
    Popov, A.
    ;
    Werle, P.
    We present a detailed analysis of the tuning characteristics of InAsSb continuous-wave (cw) single-frequency lasers emitting at 3.3 µm (3050 cm-1). The lasers demonstrate a tuning range of -7.5 cm-1 by changing the current and -3.5 cm-1 by changing the heat sink temperature without mode hopping. The tuning rates are of -0.015 to -0.089 cm-1/mA and -0.11 to 0.27 cm-1/K. The laser tunes to the blue side both with increasing injection current and heat sink temperature. The extended tuning is attributed to the carrier heating effect in the cw operation and the band-filling effect in the presence of strong losses.
  • Publication
    Determination of anthropogenic emission ratios in the Augsburg area from concentration ratios results from long-term measurements
    ( 2002)
    Klemp, D.
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    Mannschreck, K.
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    Patz, H.W.
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    Habram, M.
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    Matuska, P.
    ;
    Slemr, F.
  • Publication
    Statistical study of the diurnal variation of modeled and measured NMHC contributions
    ( 2002)
    Möllmann-Coers, M.
    ;
    Klemp, D.
    ;
    Mannschreck, K.
    ;
    Slemr, F.
    The aim of the EVA project is to investigate the precision of modeled emission inventories for a city based on experimental data from two field campaigns in March and October 1998 (Slemr et al., J. Atmos. Chem., 2001). According to the results of the emission inventory model (Kühlwein et al., Atmos. Environ., this issue) for the campaigns, the measured nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) should originate predominantly from evaporation processes. In this paper these model results are discussed from a meteorological point of view. The results from atmospheric dispersion calculations with a Gaussian plume model are compared with measurements of NMHCs and CO at a site few kilometers downwind of the city of Augsburg. The dispersion model results point out that the correlations of the individual NMHCs against CO lead to different qualities of correlation for NMHCs co-emitted with CO (i.e. from combustion processes) and NMHCs which are not co-emitted with CO (i.e. from evaporation processes). However, using the correlation coefficients r2, as a measure of the quality of the correlation, the correlations of several NMHCs for which strong evaporation emissions are predicted from the emission inventory model do not show remarkable differences in the r2 when compared with the correlations for species predominantly emitted from combustion processes. Thus, the NMHC emissions are found to be dominated by emissions from combustion processes and the influence of evaporation processes on anthropogenic NMHC emissions seems to be considerably overestimated by the emission model. This is in agreement with the results of Mannschreck et al. (Atmos. Environ., 2001) which are based on the NMHC composition of the Augsburg city plume.
  • Publication
    Highlights of the tropospheric lidar studies at IFU within the TOR project
    ( 2002)
    Carnuth, W.
    ;
    Kempfer, U.
    ;
    Trickl, T.
    A summary of the ozone soundings with the tropospheric ozone lidar at IFU in the years 1991 and 1993 is given. The results cover vertical distributions obtained under a variety of meteorological conditions in different seasons such as during high pressure, before and after frontal passages and during stratospheric air intrusions. The lidar time series, carried out between typically 0.25 and 10 km and at intervals of about 1 h, are an excellent tool for transport studies. Quite frequently contributions of different processes may be observed even simultaneously which may yield insight on the troposphere as a whole. Although the time series were limited to single days during that phase information on a number of relevant transport processes could be extracted. In particular, the uplifting in the Alpine thermal wind system was investigated. The air in the valley is vented to heights in part even beyond 4 km a.s.l. during fair-weather summer days. The high efficiency of the underlying mechanism suggests a major contribution of the orographically induced transport in the Alps to the pollution export from the Central European boundary layer. A spectacular case of trans-Alpine ozone transport was examined which resulted in an ozone increase by about 40% after sunset. This case may, again, reflect the role of the Alps in the redistribution of air pollution in a larger area. In addition, episodes of long-range ozone and aerosol transport have been studied. In this paper, we present the example of intense Fohn with advection of dust-loaded air from the Sahara desert and beyond containing just 35 ppb of O-3. A rather complex layering may be observed after cold-front passages associated with subsequent anticyclonic advection. The analysis of a two-day vertical-sounding series reveals that the air in different height ranges originated in the troposphere or stratosphere above rather different source regions, even in the lowermost 4 km above the United States. More recent studies have confirmed the reproducibility of the general layer pattern under such conditions. The in part considerable difference in ozone concentration makes the definition of a free-tropospheric background ozone level a difficult task.