Fraunhofer-Institut für Optronik, Systemtechnik und Bildauswertung IOSB

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Efficient visible light communication drivers using illumination LEDs in industrial environments

2021 , Schneider, Daniel , Shrotri, Abhijeet , Flatt, Holger , Stübbe, Oliver , Lachmayer, Roland

Visible light communication (VLC) allows the dual use of lighting and wireless communication systems by modulation of illumination devices. However, to increase the performance, typically, beam-forming measures are taken creating pencil beams, thus contradicting the illumination purpose. In order to optimize the performance trade off between efficient illumination and communication, the switching capabilities of illumination LEDs are examined. Illumination LEDs with standard drivers and without beam-forming show limited applicability for communication purposes as they are not optimized for the necessary switching capability (f ≈11 MHz) and coherence. Methods to enhance the electrical current by pre-equalisation, biasing, carrier sweeping and current shaping are examined in respect to the illumination LED's communication performance. A novel driver scheme is derived which achieves considerably higher switching frequencies (f >100 MHz) without employing beamforming at the illumination LED. This driver is able to obtain a data rate of up to 200 Mbit/s at a distance of 3.2 m, using on-off keying (OOK) modulation technique. Therefore, it is feasible to apply the LED driver by implementing standardised illumination devices in VLC systems.

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Plug & Play Retrofitting Approach for Data Integration to the Cloud

2020 , Kumar Panda, Santosh , Wisniewski, Lukasz , Ehrlich, Marco , Majumder, Mainak , Jasperneite, Jürgen

Driven by rapid digitalisation, production systems are becoming more flexible and adaptable with the help of emerging concepts like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0. Often, these transformations are not fully implemented in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) due to the replacement cost of existing machines. This paper aims to develop a Plug Play retrofitting platform, where Industry 4.0 compliant sensor systems can be attached, detected, and configured automatically to the existing production environment. The purpose of the retrofitting is to integrate the sensor system with a cloud platform that would provide persistent storage for sensor data as well as the functionalities to perform monitoring, analysis, and predictive learning.

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Making Object Detection Available to Everyone - A Hardware Prototype for Semi-automatic Synthetic Data Generation

2020 , Besginow, Andreas , Büttner, Sebastian , Röcker, Carsten

The capabilities of object detection are well known, but many projects don't use them, despite potential benefit. Even though the use of object detection algorithms is facilitated through frameworks and publications, a big issue is the creation of the necessary training data. To tackle this issue, this work shows the design and evaluation of a prototype, which allows users to create synthetic datasets for object detection in images. The prototype is evaluated using YOLOv3 as the underlying detector and shows that the generated datasets are equally good in quality as manually created data. This encourages a wide adoption of object detection algorithms in different areas, since image creation and labeling is often the most time consuming step.

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Automatische Bewertung und Überwachung von Safety & Security Eigenschaften. Strukturierung und Ausblick

2020 , Ehrlich, Marco , Benk, Stefan , Harder, Dimitri , Kleen, Philip , Trsek, Henning , Schriegel, Sebastian , Jasperneite, Jürgen

Um die Sicherheit von industriellen Fertigungsanlagen von der Entwicklung über den Betrieb bis zur Entsorgung zu gewährleisten, werden bestimmte regulative und normative Anforderungen gestellt. Durch die Vernetzung und die weiteren Entwicklungen im Rahmender Industrie 4.0 wird der manuelle Aufwand zum Erreichen dieser Sicherheit immer größer und nahezu nicht mehr durchführbar, gerade für kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen. Deswegen untersucht diese Arbeit die vorhandenen Problemstellungen genauer und gibt einen Ausblick auf die möglichen Lösungen in diesem Bereich. Das Ziel ist eine(teil-) automatisierte Sicherheitsbetrachtung von modularen Fertigungsanlagenmit Bezug auf Safety und Security.

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Manufacturing of lens array prototypes containing spherical and fresnel lenses for visible light communications using stereolithography apparatus

2021 , Shrotri, Abhijeet , Beyer, Micha , Schneider, Daniel , Stübbe, Oliver

Additive manufacturing (AM) and rapid prototyping process (RPP) have revolutionized the production of 3D objects in the last few decades. RPP has considerably increased the rate of production and the possibility of manufacturing prototypes in the fields of electrical, optical, and mechanical engineering. The manufacturing of optical prototypes including spherical, aspheric, and special kinds of lenses and lens arrays has reformed the fabrication of optical components. In this paper, specifically designed lens array prototypes for application in visible light communication (VLC) are introduced. These lens array prototypes are manufactured using the stereolithography apparatus (SLA) process. These lens arrays are designed to achieve optimal transmission of the light beam for VLC systems. One of the prototypes from the lens arrays contains primarily four spherical lenses and one thicker convex lens and the other contains one fresnel lens as a substitute for thicker convex lens. These lens arrays are further post-processed to achieve the required transparency. These lens array prototypes are tested using laser and LEDs. The ON-OFF keying modulated light beam was transmitted through the lens array at the sender side and focused on the photo-receiver using another lens array at the receiver side which is 200 cm apart. After evaluating these lens prototypes, it can be concluded that with appropriate post-processing and high-resolution stereolithography based manufacturing, a low data rate VLC link can be formed.

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Exploring Users' Eye Movements when Using Projection-Based Assembly Assistive Systems

2020 , Heinz, Mario , Büttner, Sebastian , Röcker, Carsten

Projection-based assistive systems have shown to be a promising technology to support workers during manual assembly processes in industrial manufacturing by projecting instructions into the working area. While existing studies have investigated various aspects of these systems, little research has been conducted regarding the way in which the user accesses the provided instructions. In this paper we analyze the eye movements of users during the repeated execution of an assembly task at a projection-based assistive system in order to gain insights into the utilization of the presented instructions. For this purpose, we analyzed eye tracking recordings from a user study with 15 participants to investigate the sequences in which the respective instructions are observed by the users. The results show a significantly lower number of nonlinear gaze sequences as well as a significantly higher number of steps without observing the instructions during the repeated use of the assistive system. In addition, there was a significantly lower task completion time during repeated use of the assistive system.

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Vergleich von Ethernet TSN-Nutzungskonzepten

2020 , Leßmann, Gunnar , Biendarra, Alexander , Schriegel, Sebastian

Bei der Nutzung von IEEE Standards mit dem Schwerpunkt Time Sensitive Networks (TSN) gibt es unterschiedliche mögliche Nutzungskonzepte. Zwei wesentliche Konzepte können unterschieden und anhand von Kriterien verglichen werden. Diese Nutzungskonzepte sind in Bezug auf das Netzwerk diversitär und haben je nach Nutzungskontext Vorteile und Nachteile. Während ein Konzept unter Nutzung von Preemption und Strict Priority in Netzwerken mit skalierter Datenrate Vorteile im Bereich von Speichergrößen der Bridges und Bandbreitennutzung für Best Effort-Daten zeigt, bietet Time Aware Shaping (TAS) insbesondere in Netzwerksegmenten mit einer Datenrate von 100 MBit/s eine kleinere Latenzzeit.

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Teaching by Demonstrating - How Smart Assistive Systems can Learn from Users

2020 , Büttner, Sebastian , Peda, Andreas , Heinz, Mario , Röcker, Carsten

Projection-based assitive systems that guide users through assembly work are on their way to industrial application. Previous research work investigated how people can be supported with such systems. However, there has been little work on the question on how to generate and author sequential instructions for assitive systems. In this paper, we present a new concept and a prototypical implementation of an assitive system that can be taught by demonstrating an assembly process. By using a combination of RGB and depth cameras, we can generate an assembly instruction of Lego Duplo bricks based on the demonstration of a user. This generated manual can later on be used for assisting other users in the assembly process. By our prototype system, we show the technological feasibility of assistive systems that can learn from users.

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One-Hand Controller for Human-Drone Interaction - a Human-Centered Prototype Development

2020 , Büttner, Sebastian , Zaitoon, Rami , Heinz, Mario , Röcker, Carsten

Using remote control transmitters is a common way to control a drone. For the future, we envision drones that are intuitively controllable with new input devices. One possibility could be the use of one-hand controllers. Here, we present an exploration of using a 3-D mouse as a controller for human-drone interaction. We ran a pre-study that investigated the users' natural spatial mapping between controller and drone dimensions. Based on these results we developed our prototype that shows the feasibility of our concept. A series of flight tests were conducted and the mapping between controller and flight movements were iteratively improved. In this paper, we present our development process and the implementation of our prototype.

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Multi-Agent Context-Aware Dynamic-Scheduling for Large-scale Processing Networks

2020 , Qu, Shuhui , Chen, Yirong , Jasperneite, Jürgen , Lepech, Michael D. , Wang, Jie

Optimally scheduling jobs in processing networks to meet multiple objectives for economic considerations and operational efficiencies has been a hot topic. However, most data-driven methods are rarely applied. One of the critical reasons is that the scheduling policy generated by these methods tends to bias toward the specific environment. In order to better deal with the discrepancy, this work in progress paper presents a context-aware dynamic scheduling method (CADS) that can adaptively select a specific policy based on the on-demand context. The CADS has two components: 1) The evaluation module that evaluates the performances of the policies that are learned from each operational context; 2) The decision-making module that maintains the knowledge of each policy's performance under each context and constructs the weighted best-fit policy based on the identified context. The promising preliminary result using numerical simulation that demonstrates the effectiveness of CADS is presented. CADS outperforms traditional scheduling methods in various kinds of processing network environments.

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