Dr.-Ing.

Schneider, Daniel

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  • Publication
    Bridging Trust in Runtime Open Evaluation Scenarios
    ( 2021)
    Cioroaica, Emilia
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    Buhnova, Barbora
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    Marchetti, Eda
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    Schneider, Daniel
    ;
    Kuhn, Thomas
    Solutions to specific challenges within software engineering activities can greatly benefit from human creativity. For example, evidence of trust derived from creative virtual evaluation scenarios can support the trust assurance of fast-paced runtime adaptation of intelligent behavior. Following this vision, in this paper, we introduce a methodological and architectural concept that interplays creative and social aspects of gaming into software engineering activities, more precisely into a virtual evaluation of system behavior. A particular trait of the introduced concept is that it reinforces cooperation between technological and social intelligence.
  • Publication
    Optical wireless communication in industrial areas: Potential performance and actual demand
    ( 2021)
    Schneider, Daniel
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    Shrotri, Abhijeet
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    Stübbe, Oliver
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    Lachmayer, Roland
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    Bunge, Christian-Alexander
    In industrial scenarios wireless communication becomes more and more widespread. Radio-frequency technologies are still predominant, but optical wireless communication (OWC) provides many advantages to fulfill the requirements of communication in industrial applications. A survey with industrial users consolidate a list with the most important demands for wireless communication within the field: The results reveal that the current heterogeneous requirements for wireless communication are valid, but highlight the need for license-free, robust and energy efficient wireless communication at rather moderate data rates. These requirements can be met by OWC, but its direct application in industrial environments is often hindered by the harsh conditions, with measurements inter alia indicating specific cross talk by light-emitting processes. In this article, these aspects are discussed one by one in order to obtain a clear perspective about the applicability, the main limitati ons and potential technologies for OWC and competing approaches in industrial areas. In summary, the application requirements of industrial communication are substantiated, whereas specific limitations and needs for advancement of current OWC systems are derived.
  • Publication
    Goals within Trust-based Digital Ecosystems
    ( 2021)
    Cioroaica, Emilia
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    Purohit, Akanksha
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    Buhnova, Barbora
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    Schneider, Daniel
    Within a digital ecosystem, systems and actors form coalitions for achieving common and individual goals. In a constant motion of collaborative and competitive forces and faced with the risk of malicious attacks, ecosystem participants require strong guarantees of their collaborators' trustworthiness. Evidence of trustworthy behavior derived from runtime executions can provide these trust guarantees, given that clear definition and delimitation of trust concerns exist. Without them, a base for negotiating expectations, quantifying achievements and identifying strategical attacks cannot be established and attainment of strategic benefits relies solely on vulnerable collaborations. In this paper we examine the relationship between goals and trust and we introduce a formalism for goal representation. We delimit the trust concerns with anti-goals. The anti-goals set the boundaries within which we structure the trust analysis and build up evidence for motivated attacks.
  • Publication
    A Framework for Automated Quality Assurance and Documentation for Pharma 4.0
    ( 2021)
    Schmidt, Andreas
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    Frey, Joshua
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    Hillen, Daniel
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    Horbelt, Jessica
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    Schandar, Markus
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    Schneider, Daniel
    ;
    Sorokos, Ioannis
    The production sector is experiencing significant transformations driven by comprehensive digitalization, interconnection, and further automation advances. One sub-sector that can benefit significantly from these trends is the production of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs). ATMPs show promise for treating different serious conditions, but they are very expensive-being patient tailored products whose production is a highly manual, minimally automated process. In a recent research project with an ATMP producer, we investigated how the degree of automation can be increased. It became apparent that in parallel to increasing automation across the actual production steps, quality assurance needs to be addressed in a similar way. This paper introduces a framework for automating (parts of) the quality assurance of ATMPs using two concepts: (a) digital shadows or twins and (b) assurance cases. We demonstrate its conceptual implementation along a case study for Car-T cell products used to treat certain forms of cancer.
  • Publication
    Towards Creation of Automated Prediction Systems for Trust and Dependability Evaluation
    ( 2020)
    Cioroaica, Emilia
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    Chren, Stanislav
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    Aktouf, Oum-El-Kheir
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    Larsson, Alf
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    Chillarege, Ram
    ;
    Kuhn, Thomas
    ;
    Schneider, Daniel
    ;
    Wolschke, Christian
    We advance the ability to design reliable Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems (CPSoSs) by integrating artificial intelligence to the engineering methods of these systems. The current practice relies heavily on independent validation of software and hardware components, with only limited evaluation during engineering integration activities. Furthermore, our changing landscape of real-time adaptive systems allows software components to be dynamically included or re-distributed within a Cyber-Physical System (CPS), with mostly unknown implications on the overall systems integrity, reliability and security. This paper introduces an approach consisting of scientific and engineering processes that enable development of concepts for automated prediction systems for evaluating the dependability and trust of CPSoS. This significantly moves the security and reliability design process ahead by opening the doors for far more relevant design strategies and the opportunity to develop protocols, methods, and tools aimed at dealing with a wide variety of platforms with poorly calibrated reliability characteristics.
  • Publication
    Engineering of Runtime Safety Monitors for Cyber-Physical Systems with Digital Dependability Identities
    ( 2020)
    Reich, Jan
    ;
    Schneider, Daniel
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    Sorokos, Ioannis
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    Papadopoulos, Yiannis
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    Kelly, Tim
    ;
    Wei, Ran
    ;
    Armengaud, Eric
    ;
    Kaypmaz, Cem
    Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) harbor the enormous potential for societal improvement in terms of safety, comfort and economic efficiency. However, these benefits will only be unlocked if the safety of these systems can be assured with a sufficient level of confidence. Traditional safety engineering and assurance approaches alone cannot address the CPS-inherent uncertainties and unknowns induced by openness and adaptivity. Runtime safety assurance approaches such as Conditional Safety Certificates (ConSerts) represent novel means to cope with CPS assurance challenges by introducing modular and formalized safety arguments with variant support, thereby shifting the final safety certification step to runtime. However, the systematic engineering of ConSerts at design-time is a complex task which, up to now, has not been sufficiently addressed. Without systematic safety assurance at both design-time and runtime, CPS will hardly be assurable with acceptable confidence given the uncertainties and unknowns. In this paper, we present an engineering method for synthesizing ConSerts based on Digital Dependability Identities (DDI). The approach is demonstrated for a cooperative vehicle platooning function (CACC) from an industrial case study.
  • Publication
    Building trust in the untrustable
    ( 2020)
    Cioroaica, Emilia
    ;
    Buhnová, Bara
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    Kuhn, Thomas
    ;
    Schneider, Daniel
    Trust is a major aspect in the relationship between humans and autonomous safety-critical systems, such as autonomous vehicles. Although human errors may cause higher risks, failures of autonomous systems are more strongly perceived by the general population, which hinders the adoption of autonomous safety-critical systems. It is therefore necessary to devise approaches for systematically building trust in autonomous functions and thereby facilitate the adoption process. In this paper, we introduce a method and a framework for incrementally building trust in the context of autonomous driving. Within the envisioned solution, we employ the psychological narrative behind trust building through the formation of new habits and introduce a method where trust is established gradually for both the human and the autonomous safety-critical system via reputation building and step-by-step integration of smart software agents replacing human actions.
  • Publication
    Predictive Runtime Simulation for Building Trust in Cooperative Autonomous Systems
    ( 2019)
    Cioroaica, Emilia
    ;
    Schneider, Daniel
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    Alzughbi, Hanna
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    Reich, Jan
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    Adler, Rasmus
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    Braun, Tobias
    Future autonomous systems will also be cooperative systems. They will interact with each other, with traffic infrastructure, with cloud services and with other systems. In such an open ecosystem trust is of fundamental importance, because cooperation between systems is key for many innovation applications and services. Without an adequate notion of trust, as well as means to maintain and use it, the full potential of autonomous systems thus cannot be unlocked. In this paper, we discuss what constitutes trust in autonomous cooperative systems and sketch out a corresponding multifaceted notion of trust. We then go on to discuss a predictive runtime simulation approach as a building block for trust and elaborate on means to secure this approach.
  • Publication
    Dynamic Risk Assessment Enabling Automated Interventions for Medical Cyber-Physical Systems
    ( 2019)
    Leite, Fábio L.
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    Schneider, Daniel
    ;
    Adler, Rasmus
    As in many embedded systems domains, in modern healthcare we experience increasing adoption of (medical) cyber-physical systems of systems. In hospitals, for instance, different types of medical systems are integrated dynamically to render higher-level services in cooperation. One important task is the realization of smart alarms as well as, in a second step, the realization of automated interventions, such as the administration of specific drugs. A fundamental correlated problem is insufficient risk awareness, which are caused by fluctuating context conditions, insufficient context awareness, and a lack of reasoning capabilities to deduce the current risk. A potential solution to this problem is to make systems context- and risk-aware by introducing a runtime risk assessment approach. In this paper, we introduce such an approach for a wider identification of relevant risk parameters and risk assessment model building based on Bayesian Networks (BN). This model considers not only changes in the actual health status of the patient but also the changing capabilities to detect and react according to this status. This includes changing capabilities due to adding or removing different types of sensors (e.g. heart rate sensors) and replacing sensors of the same type but with other integrity level. In addition, we present an evaluation of the approach based on a simulated clinical environment for patient-controlled analgesia.
  • Publication
    Engineering and Hardening of Functional Fail-Operational Architectures for Highly Automated Driving
    ( 2019)
    Adler, Rasmus
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    Akram, Mohammed Naveed
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    Feth, Patrik
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    Fukuda, Takeshi
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    Ishigooka, Tasuku
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    Otsuka, Satoshi
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    Schneider, Daniel
    ;
    Yoshimura, Kentaro
    Rising automation levels in the automotive domain demand a shift from the fail-safe to the fail-operational paradigm. Fail-operational architectures and behaviors are inherently more complex and thus require special diligence from a safety engineering point of view. In this work, we present how we tailored and applied a methodology that facilitates the design of fail-operational architectures from early design stages on by enabling informed judgment regarding the gradually evolved architecture's fitness for purpose. The method specifically considers resilience regarding dynamic changes in environmental conditions, including V2X aspects and internal capabilities. In this paper, we summarize our experiences in applying the methodology in a highway pilot case study. Furthermore, we present essential extensions of the methodology for modeling and evaluating the operational design domain.