Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    An update of challenges and possible solutions related to ICT patents: The perspective of European stakeholders
    ( 2023)
    Blind, Knut orcid-logo
    Patents in information and communication technologies (ICTs) are important instruments for protecting companies' inventions and to appropriate the value of the related inventions. However, the increasing dynamics and complexity in ICTs are challenging the effectiveness of patents. Based on a review of the literature and interviews with relevant stakeholders in Europe, we have identified the most relevant challenges for patents in ICT and possible solutions. These insights have been used as input in framing our broad survey among European stakeholders. The results reveal on the one hand the differences between the patent owners and stakeholders owning no patents, in particular with regards to the various challenges the patent system is facing. On the other hand, the differences disappear in the assessment of the effectiveness of the various solutions. Finally, we conclude with a summary of our main findings.
  • Publication
    The role of industrial actors in the circular economy for critical raw materials: A framework with case studies across a range of industries
    ( 2023)
    Cimprich, Alexander
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    Young, Steven B.
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    Schrijvers, Dieuwertje
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    Ku, Anthony Y.
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    Hagelüken, Christian
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    Christmann, Patrice
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    Eggert, Roderick
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    Habib, Komal
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    Hirohata, Atsufumi
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    Hurd, Alan J.
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    Lee, Min-Ha
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    Peck, David
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    Petavratzi, Evi
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    Tercero Espinoza, Luis A. orcid-logo
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    Wäger, Patrick
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    Hool, Alessandra
    In this article, we explore concrete examples of circularity strategies for critical raw materials (CRMs) in commercial settings. We propose a company-level framework for systematically evaluating circularity strategies (e.g., material recycling, product reuse, and product or component lifetime extension) in specific applications of CRMs from the perspectives of specific industrial actors. This framework is applied in qualitative analyses - informed by relevant literature and expert consultation - of five case studies across a range of industries: (1) rhenium in high-pressure turbine components, (2) platinum group metals in industrial catalysts for chemical processing and oil refining, (3) rare earth permanent magnets in computer hard disk drives, (4) various CRMs in consumer electronics, and (5) helium in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. Drawing from these case studies, three broader observations can be made about company circularity strategies for CRMs. Firstly, there are multiple, partly competing motivations that influence the adoption of circularity strategies, including cost savings, supply security, and external stakeholder pressure. Secondly, business models and value-chain structure play a major role in the implementation of circularity strategies; business-to-business models appear to be more conducive to circularity than business-to-consumer models. Finally, it is important to distinguish between closed-loop circularity, in which material flows are contained within the ""focal"" actor's system boundary, and open-loop circularity, in which material flows cross the system boundary, as the latter has limited potential for mitigating material criticality from the perspective of the focal actor.
  • Publication
    University satellite institutes as exogenous facilitators of technology transfer ecosystem development
    ( 2023)
    Conlé, Marcus
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    Kroll, Henning orcid-logo
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    Storz, Cornelia
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    Ten Brink, Tobias
    Universities can contribute to knowledge-based regional development not only in their home region but also in other regions. In a number of countries, universities have established university satellite institutes in additional (host) regions to promote research and technology transfer there. We investigate the role of university satellite institutes in the industrial development of regions, which, albeit not economically marginal, suffer from a weak knowledge infrastructure, limited absorptive capacities for external knowledge in the business sector and hence a low degree of attractiveness for non-local knowledge actors. Despite policy recommendations in favor of establishing satellite institutes, there has only been limited empirical research on this phenomenon, particularly concerning technology transfer ecosystem development. To fill this gap, we provide an exploratory case study of university satellite institutes in the Pearl River Delta of China's Guangdong province. We show how such institutes can be successful in facilitating the development of their host region's technology transfer ecosystems and demonstrate why they should be conceptually included in our existing understanding of third mission activities. Our research centers on the interplay of geographical proximity and non-spatial, organized proximity in the development of interregional knowledge bridges and entrepreneurial opportunities. We argue that the university's geographical proximity is only successful if the satellite institute, by facilitating organized proximity, promotes the geographical proximity of further knowledge actors, hereby propelling ecosystem development.
  • Publication
    Exploring the psychological antecedents of private and public sphere behaviours to reduce household plastic consumption
    ( 2023)
    Heidbreder, Lea Marie
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    Tröger, Josephine orcid-logo
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    Schmitt, Manfred
    In the last few years, plastic has become an issue of current interest as tremendous ecological effects from plastic littering have become visible. Taking the role of consumers into account, activities comprising purchasing decisions and political engagement are expected to help prevent plastic pollution. The goal of this study was to examine antecedents of three potential plastic reduction activities: purchasing, activism, and policy support. Based on well-established psychological models of pro-environmental behaviour (i.e. theory of planned behaviour, norm activation model), an online survey (N = 648) was administered and analysed via structural equation modelling. Results revealed that personal norms were a relevant predictor of all three intentions. Whereas sufficiency orientation and collective efficacy predicted only activism intention and policy support intention, perceived behavioural control was the strongest predictor of purchasing intentions. Regarding behaviour, people with high activism intentions and sufficiency orientation were more likely to choose a plastic-free incentive instead of the conventional shopping voucher. This study highlights psychological antecedents of plastic reduction. An integrated model showed that rational cost-benefit considerations as well as morality serve as drivers of reducing plastic consumption. Implications for the promotion of plastic-free consumption are discussed.
  • Publication
    Household acceptability of energy efficiency policies in the European Union: Policy characteristics trade-offs and the role of trust in government and environmental identity
    ( 2022)
    Faure, Corinne
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    Guetlein, Marie-Charlotte
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    Schleich, Joachim orcid-logo
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    Tu, Gengyang
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    Whitmarsh, Lorraine
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    Whittle, Colin
    This research investigates the acceptability of energy efficiency policies among European households. Based on large-scale surveys in Italy, Poland, Sweden, and the UK, we use a discrete choice experiment to study the tradeoffs made by households between various policy characteristics including policy target level, dependence on energy imports, policy instruments (education and information programmes, standards, taxation, energy consumption limit), costs to the household, and distribution of costs between households and other sectors. In particular, we investigate the role of trust in government and of environmental identity on the acceptability of these policy characteristics. Across the four countries, we find that households prefer effective policies, dislike personal costs, and prefer non-coercive to coercive instruments; further, trust in government helps make coercive policies such as taxes more acceptable, whereas higher environmental identity makes consumption limits more acceptable.
  • Publication
    Erfolgsfaktoren für einen effektiven Klimaschutz im Straßengüterverkehr
    (Fraunhofer ISI, 2022)
    Helms, Hinrich
    Durch das neue Ziel der Treibhausgasneutralität bis zum Jahr 2045 und den aktuell rasanten Verbrauch des verbleibenden CO2-Budgets für die Einhaltung des Pariser Klimaziels entsteht akuter Handlungsdruck in allen Lebensbereichen. Es ist also bereits kurzfristig eine deutliche Minderung der Emissionen auch im wachsenden Güterverkehr dringend notwendig. Dies kann nur gelingen, wenn Maßnahmen in allen relevanten Handlungsfeldern zügig ergriffen werden, auch im Straßengüterverkehr.
  • Publication
    Economic optima for buffers in direct reduction steelmaking under increasing shares of renewable hydrogen
    ( 2022)
    Haendel, Michael
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    Hirzel, Simon orcid-logo
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    Süß, Marlene
    While current climate targets demand substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, the potentials to further reduce carbon dioxide emissions in traditional primary steel-making are limited. One possible solution that is receiving increasing attention is the direct reduction (DR) technology, operated either with renewable hydrogen (H2) from electrolysis or with conventional natural gas (NG). DR technology makes it possible to decouple steel and H2 production by temporarily using overcapacities to produce and store intermediary products during periods of low renewable electricity prices, or by switching between H2 and NG. This paper aims to explore the impact of this decoupling on overall costs and the corresponding dimensioning of production and storage capacities. An optimization model is developed to determine the least-cost operation based on perfect-foresight. This model can determine the minimum costs for optimal production and storage capacities under various assumptions considering fluctuatingH2 and NG prices and increasing H2 shares. The model is applied to a case study for Germany and covers the current situation, the medium term until 2030, and the long term until 2050. Under the assumptions made, direct reduced iron (DRI) storage mainly serves as long-term storage for several weeks, similar to usual balancing storage capacities. Storing H2, on the contrary, is used for short-term fluctuations and could balance H2 demand in the hourly range until 2050. From an economic perspective, DRI production using NG tends to be cheaper than using H2 in the short term, and potential savings from the flexible operation with storages are initially small. However, in the long term until 2050, NG andH2 could achieve similar total costs if buffers are used. Otherwise, temporarily occurring electricity prices pikes imply substantial increases in total costs if high shares of H2 need to be achieved.
  • Publication
    Coupling circularity performance and climate action: From disciplinary silos to transdisciplinary modelling science
    ( 2022)
    Nikas, Alexandros
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    Xexakis, Georgios
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    Koasidis, Konstantinos
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    Acosta-Fernández, José
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    Arto, Iñaki
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    Calzadilla, Alvaro
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    Domenech, Teresa
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    Gambhir, Ajay
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    Giljum, Stefan
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    Gonzalez-Eguino, Mikel
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    Herbst, Andrea
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    Ivanova, Olga
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    Sluisveld, Mariësse A.E. van
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    Ven, Dirk-Jan van de
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    Karamaneas, Anastasios
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    Doukas, Haris
    Technological breakthroughs and policy measures targeting energy efficiency and clean energy alone will not suffice to deliver Paris Agreement-compliant greenhouse gas emissions trajectories in the next decades. Strong cases have recently been made for acknowledging the decarbonisation potential lying in transforming linear economic models into closed-loop industrial ecosystems and in shifting lifestyle patterns towards this direction. This perspective highlights the research capacity needed to inform on the role and potential of the circular economy for climate change mitigation and to enhance the scientific capabilities to quantitatively explore their synergies and trade-offs. This begins with establishing conceptual and methodological bridges amongst the relevant and currently fragmented research communities, thereby allowing an interdisciplinary integration and assessment of circularity, decarbonisation, and sustainable development. Following similar calls for science in support of climate action, a transdisciplinary scientific agenda is needed to co-create the goals and scientific processes underpinning the transition pathways towards a circular, net-zero economy with representatives from policy, industry, and civil society. Here, it is argued that such integration of disciplines, methods, and communities can then lead to new and/or structurally enhanced quantitative systems models that better represent critical industrial value chains, consumption patterns, and mitigation technologies. This will be a crucial advancement towards assessing the material implications of, and the contribution of enhanced circularity performance to, mitigation pathways that are compatible with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement and the transition to a circular economy.
  • Publication
    Can entrepreneurial orientation improve R&D alliance performance? An absorptive capacity perspective
    ( 2022)
    Seo, Ribin
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    Edler, Jakob orcid-logo
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    Massini, Silvia
    Research and Development (R&D) alliance studies maintain that alliance partners’ entrepreneurial interactions that pursue innovation opportunities through collective exploitation and exploration of knowledge resources lead to alliance success. Despite the importance of productive resource exchange and generation through such interactions, performance-by-alliance mechanisms remain under-researched. In this study, we develop a theoretical framework hypothesizing that the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of alliance firms, which underlies their approach to seeking and utilizing resources productively, has a potential impact on their R&D alliance performance, depending on their absorptive capacity (AC). To specify the value creation and capture mechanism in the alliance, we adopt two performance indicators: technological competitiveness and business performance. Findings from a study of 218 small technology-intensive firms conducting R&D alliance projects show that EO translates into business performance through technological competitiveness and that AC leverages the alliance performance implications of EO. The results suggest that EO-AC complementarity is a strategic stimulant that triggers firms to extract greater benefits from R&D alliances.
  • Publication
    Standard-relevant publications: evidence, processes and influencing factors
    ( 2022)
    Blind, Knut orcid-logo
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    Fenton, Axel
    This paper introduces the concept of standard-relevant publications, complementary to standard-essential patents and framed by the concept of knowledge utilization. By analyzing the reference lists of the around 20,000 standards released by ISO, authors of scientific papers cited in standards who are working at German institutions were identified. The institutions include universities, independent research societies, ministerial research institutes and companies. Almost thirty interviews were conducted with the most-cited of these authors. The interviews addressed the processes by which scientific publications come to be referenced in standards, and the motivations, the barriers and the effects of this. The findings demonstrate opportunities for and challenges to establishing standard-relevant publications as a new performance indicator for researchers, funding agencies, standard-setting organizations and ultimately regulators.