Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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EU emission trading - better job second time around?

2007 , Schleich, J. , Betz, R. , Rogge, K.

The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for CO2-emissions from energy and industry installations reflects a paradigm shift towards market-based instruments for environmental policy in the EU. The centerpieces of the EU ETS are National Allocation Plans (NAPs), which individual Member States (MS) de-sign for each phase. NAPs state the total quantity of allowances available in each period (ET-budget) and determine how MS allocate allowances to individual installations. The NAPs thus govern investments and innovation in energy efficient technologies and the energy sector. In terms of distribution, they prede-ermine winners and losers. In this paper we analyze and evaluate 25 NAPs submitted to the European Commission (EC) for phase 2 (2008-2012) of the EU ETS. At the macro level, we assess whether the submitted ET-budgets are stringent, and whether they imply a cost-efficient split of the required emission reductions between the EU ETS sectors (energy and industry) and the remaining sectors (transportation, tertiary and households). Comparing the submitted ET-budgets with those already approved by the EC suggests that the EC's decisions significantly improved the effectiveness and economic efficiency of the EU ETS. But given the high share of Kyoto Mechanisms companies are allowed to use, the EU ETS is unlikely to require substantial emission reductions within the EU. At the micro level, we assess (across countries and phases) the allocation methods for existing and new installations, for closures and for clean technologies. A comparison of the NAPs for the second phase and the first phase (2005-2007) provides insights into the (limited) adaptability and flexibility of the scheme. The findings provide guidance for the future design of the EU ETS and applications to other sectors and regions.

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Energieeinsparpotentiale in den westdeutschen Ländern

1991 , Walz, R.

The paper describes the energy conservation potential in West Germany drawing on results of an extensive study program of the Enquete-Commission "Preventive Measures to Protect the Earth's Atmosphere" of the German Bundestag. The analysis of the technical potential to reduce energy consumption by improved energy efficiency leads to the conclusion that overall 35% to 45% improvement in energy efficiency would be feasible. The economic potential of improving energy efficiency which could be mobilized by energy policy amountes to almost 2000 PJ. The demand for energy can be further reduced by decreasing the level of energy services used. Selected examples demonstrate that energy conscious behaviour could be achieved without major changes in lifestyle and could contribute to a substantial reduction in energy consumption. The policy options to reach the reduction target can be characterized as general instruments, such as an energy or C0sub2- surcharge or tax, and sectoral measures, which c over all end-use energy sectors and the transformation sector and aim at removing the mumerous obstacles of improving energy effiency.

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Efficient compressed air - a successful campaign for energy efficient compressed air systems in Germany

2003 , Agricola, A.-C. , Radgen, P.

Compressed air systems are widely used in industry and craft for diverse purposes. Although this special energy form has a lot of technical advantages, it has to be taken into account that the energy comsumpiton of compressed air systems is considerably high. In Germany, these systems consume as much electricity as the Deutsche Bahn (German railways) for traction or as 1.3 nuclear power plants. Nevertheless, according to an EU study published in 2001 (Radgen, 2001), approx, one third of this energy could be saved profitably. The "efficient compressed air" campaign addresses sthes huge saving potentials by porviding information about energy and cost efficient compressed air systems for all industrial users, mostly via interne, expert press artivles, seminars, conferences, and networks. The results show that the information and the instruments offerde by the campaigne are appreciated by the target groups. Above this, companies are invited to have their compressed air systems (the whole range from the compressor to the end use device) analyzed by compressed air experts, in order to detect weak-points and subsequently to show solutions for improvement of both the compressed air quality and the energy efficiency. Due to public and private funding, this analysis can be provided free of charge for about 100 companies until the end of 2002. The results will be worked out as branch-spedifid case studies which wil be distributed among the industrial users. Further instruments of the campaign are a benschmarking which compares compressed air systems of different companies, a competition for the best compressed air systems supply and a demonstration plant.

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Barriers to energy efficiency - an econometric analysis of determinants

2003 , Gruber, E. , Schleich, J.

A vast body of literatukre suggests that there are various obstacles to energy efficiency in private and public organisations or individual households. Barriers such as market failures, transactions costs, or imperfect information may even prevent cost-effective technologies and practices from being realised. In this paper, we use econometric techniques to assess the determinants of barriers to energy efficiency for the German commerce and services sectors, which predominantly consist of small and some medium sized private and public organisations. The barriers analysed include lack of time, lack of information about energy consumption paterns, lack of information about energy efficient measures, organisational priority setting, uncertainty about energy costs, and the landlord/tenant problem. For each barrier, a separate regression is run on a set of "explanatory" variables, which includes energy consumption, organisation size, whether an energy audit was conducted, and sector-specific dummies. The findings complement case study results, but policy recommandations are based on a much broader statistical basis.

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