Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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In-Memory SAT-Solver for Self-Verification of Programmable Memristive Architectures

2024 , Shirinzadeh, Fatemeh , Deb, Arighna , Shirinzadeh, Saeideh , Kole, Abhoy , Datta, Kamalika , Drechsler, Rolf

Formal verification of programmable memristive architectures utilizing emerging nonvolatile memory technologies such as Resistive Random-Access Memory (RRAM) has only been recently addressed by a few works at the software level. In this paper we propose an in-memory SAT solver utilizing inherent analog features of RRAM that enables formal verification of arbitrary designs within resistive crossbars. More importantly, this allows self-verification of in-memory implementations as the correctness of designs can be dynamically checked. Additionally, the required architecture is presented, along with a complexity analysis for latency and hardware overheads

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VADIS - A Variable Detection, Interlinking and Summarization System

2024 , Kartal, Yavuz Selim , Ahsan Shahid, Muhammad , Takeshita, Sotaro , Tsereteli, Tornike , Zielinski, Andrea , Zapilko, Benjamin , Mayr, Philipp

The VADIS system addresses the demand of providing enhanced information access in the domain of the social sciences. This is achieved by allowing users to search and use survey variables in context of their underlying research data and scholarly publications which have been interlinked with each other.

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Verification of In-Memory Logic Design using ReRAM Crossbars

2023 , Datta, Kamalika , Deb, Arighna , Shirinzadeh, Fatemeh , Kole, Abhoy , Shirinzadeh, Saeideh , Drechsler, Rolf

Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) technologies enable the development of innovative architectures for in-memory computing. Many logic design styles, like Imply, Magic or Majority, have been explored for mapping Boolean functions to ReRAM crossbars. However, little attention has been given to the verification of the mapping process. Simulation based approaches can be used to check the functional correctness of smaller designs, but only formal verification techniques can ensure completeness for larger designs. Some initial works in this area have been proposed, which specifically focus on the verification of micro-operations using majority-based logic design. However, these techniques cannot be directly applied to other logic design styles, like Imply or Magic. This necessitates the design and exploration of more general verification techniques for logic-in-memory using ReRAM crossbars, and opens up the scope for further investigation. In this paper, we provide an overview of existing verification techniques for logic-in-memory designs, and also discuss directions for future work.

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Fair, Reliable, Independent and Cost-Effective? Preferences of German citizens regarding the design of the energy transition

2023 , Burghard, Uta , Breitschopf, Barbara

The German energy transition (ET) comprises a bundle of activities such as increase in energy efficiency, expansion of renewable energy supplies, nuclear and fossil fuel phase[1]out, grid extension and enforcement, roll-out of smart grid and energy storage. Studies show a high general approval of the energy transition and its goals in Germany. However, what does the German population think about the different activities of the energy transition? And can groups of individuals be formed on the basis of the perceptions of these various activities? What is the socio-demographic structure of these groups? We aim to answer these questions based on a survey study in Germany (n=889) with a focus on the perception of so-called design elements of the energy transition, i.e. overall objectives and activities to achieve the energy transition. The data analysis shows a high cost sensitivity in society with regard to energy and a positive evaluation of energy independence. Measures, i.e. different types of policy instruments promoting the energy transition, achieved the least approval. A segmentation based on the perceptions of the design elements revealed four clusters: (1) "rejectors of the energy transition", (2) "energy transition enthusiasts", (3) "reserved environmental promoters" and (4) "price-sensitive supporters of energy independence". The clusters indicated that individuals struggle to comprehend and assess each specific design element independently; instead, they tend to hold a broad positive or negative attitude and evaluation of these elements.

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HyperPIE: Hyperparameter Information Extraction from Scientific Publications

2024 , Saier, Tarek , Ohta, Mayumi , Asakura, Takuto , Färber, Michael

Automatic extraction of information from publications is key to making scientific knowledge machine-readable at a large scale. The extracted information can, for example, facilitate academic search, decision making, and knowledge graph construction. An important type of information not covered by existing approaches is hyperparameters. In this paper, we formalize and tackle hyperparameter information extraction (HyperPIE) as an entity recognition and relation extraction task. We create a labeled data set covering publications from a variety of computer science disciplines. Using this data set, we train and evaluate BERT-based fine-tuned models as well as five large language models: GPT-3.5, GALACTICA, Falcon, Vicuna, and WizardLM. For fine-tuned models, we develop a relation extraction approach that achieves an improvement of 29% F1 over a state-of-the-art baseline. For large language models, we develop an approach leveraging YAML output for structured data extraction, which achieves an average improvement of 5.5% F1. in entity recognition over using JSON. With our best performing model we extract hyperparameter information from a large number of unannotated papers, and analyze patterns across disciplines.

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Waste heat as a driver for greenfield heat networks? Planning trade-offs illustrated using a case study for Zelzate, Belgium

2023 , Aydemir, Ali , Pollmann, Aljoscha , Fritz, Markus

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Influencing factors for users’ privacy and security protection behavior in smart speakers: Insights from a Swiss user study

2023 , Ebbers, Frank , Karaboga, Murat

Smart speakers pose several risks to security and privacy, which users can counter with protective measures. This paper investigates the factors contributing to the adoption of protective measures by smart speaker users. Using survey data from Swiss participants, we first captured four different combinations of users with (no) concerns and (no) measures. We then used six factors to examine which of these influence protective behavior. Our findings reveal that whether or not protective measures are taken is affected by the usage context, usage duration, gender, opinion toward emotion recognition, and reasons for acquisition, but not by model/manufacturer, age and education level. With our results, we want to contribute to the ongoing discussion about influencing factors on concerns and protective measures, using the smart speaker domain as an example.

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Infrastructure requirements for electrified heavy road transport in Germany and the EU

2024 , Speth, Daniel , Link, Steffen , Wietschel, Martin

Heavy road freight transport is responsible for about 7% of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions in Germany and Europe. The electrification of trucks via batteries, overhead lines or fuel cells are promising options to meet the European climate targets for heavy road freight. The development of the necessary infrastructures and the development of the market ramp-up of the alternative truck technologies will be presented.

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Reciprocity of Data Sharing Infrastructures: A Conceptual Norms Framework

2023 , Metzger, Frederik , Runge, Greta

Data sharing infrastructures are increasingly encouraged and set up at the European level. We hypothesize that their success will depend on the quantitative and qualitative contributions of virtual data and the balance between data contribution and retrieval. While, indeed, there is sharing taking place in the semantic sense of the term, we identify that reciprocity is a more adequate description of the participants’ underlying social processes. The aim of this paper is to transfer the concept of reciprocity from the individual level to the data sharing setting. How can reciprocity be described in the data sharing context? What are differences to reciprocity at the individual level? We distinguish the moral, social, and legal levels of norms to build a conceptual framework. Furthermore, we introduce four contingencies to account for the changed context of both the decision entity and the characteristics of virtual data. Our study concludes with a suggestion to conceptually describe a “reciprocity norm of data sharing.”

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Mehrstufige strategische Frühaufklärung durch iterative automatisierte Themenerkennung und Fusion von Nachrichten-, Journal- und Patenttexten mittels Natural Language Processing (NLP)

2023 , Haan, Philipp , Berbig, Manuel , Blum, Ralph , Jörden, Jan , Schirrmeister, Elna , Zimmermann, Roland

In der strategischen Frühaufklärung liegen bislang ungenutzte Potenziale, da verschiedene Datenquellen wie Nachrichtentexte, Journalpublikationen und Patentdaten meist isoliert voneinander analysiert werden. Automatisierte NLP-Verfahren finden hierzu zunehmend Anwendung. Die spezifischen Charakteristika der Quellen werden jedoch nicht beachtet: 1) Nachrichtentexte sind zeitlich sehr aktuell, umfangreich und redaktionell teilweise vorgefiltert. Sie lenken den Blick auf aktuelle gesellschaftliche und technologische Entwicklungen, haben aber oft nur eine kurze Halbwertszeit. 2) Publikations- und Patentdatenbanken haben eine verifizierte Qualität und erlauben eine längerfristige Betrachtung von Themenentwicklungen, liegen jedoch lange Zeit außerhalb der breiteren gesellschaftlichen Wahrnehmung. Die verschiedenen Fristigkeiten ermöglichen eine iterative, sequenzielle Nutzung der Quellentypen mit dem Ziel, in der breiten Öffentlichkeit auftauchende Themenentwicklungen rasch zu erkennen (durch 1) und diese mittels längerfristigen, inhaltlich detaillierten Daten (durch 2) in einem zweiten Schritt zu präzisieren. Dazu werden automatisierte Ansätze zur Themenextraktion auf Basis von aktuellen Transformer-Sprachmodellen genutzt, die sich in den letzten Jahren als Instrument der strategischen Frühaufklärung etabliert haben.

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