Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    Not-Invented-Here. Akute Gefahr für den Wissenstransfer
    ( 2021)
    Weissenberger-Eibl, Marion A.
    ;
    Hampel, Tim
    Fragt man Manager nach Problemen im Wissenstransfer, so lautet die Antwort oftmals: ""Not-Invented-Here"". Damit gemeint ist eine ablehnende Haltung von Organisationsmitgliedern gegenüber Wissen, Ideen und Technologien, die von außerhalb in das Unternehmen einfließen. Gleichzeitig investieren Unternehmen unter Schlagworten wie Open Innovation, Crowdsourcing oder Co-Creation derzeit massiv in Programme, um externes Wissen zu identifizieren und für eigene Innovationsvorhaben nutzbar zu machen. Im Integrationsprozess externen Wissens wirkt das Not-Invented-Here-Syndrom dabei als Barriere für die erfolgreiche Wissensabsorption. Daher stellt sich die Frage: Was tun bei Resistenz gegenüber externem Wissen?
  • Publication
    The future role of Power-to-Gas in the energy transition: Regional and local techno-economic analyses in Baden-Württemberg
    ( 2018)
    McKenna, Russell C.
    ;
    Bchini, Quentin
    ;
    Weinand, Jann
    ;
    Michaelis, Julia
    ;
    König, Sebastian
    ;
    Köppel, Wolfgang
    ;
    Fichtner, Wolf
    This paper analyses the potential of the Power-to-Gas (PtG) concept in Baden-Württemberg (BW), south west Germany. A macroeconomic analysis shows that a cost-covering operation of PtG for hydrogen production is first possible under our assumptions in 2030. Previous model-based analyses for Germany identified locations, mainly in north-west Germany, where these plants could achieve these full load hours and thus be economical in the future energy system by 2040. Importantly, although some short-term storage devices (batteries) are installed in BW in this scenario, no PtG plants are seen at the level of the transport network. A more detailed analysis for BW at the municipality level develops residual load profiles for individual 110 kV transformers and municipalities. A very large increase in the residual load profiles in the north-east of Baden-Württemberg by 2040 is encountered, suggesting a requirement for network strengthening and local storage, including PtG, in this area. Four very different and representative model regions are further analysed, whereby only Aalen, a region with large wind potentials in the north east of BW, is identified as having significant potentials for PtG by2040 (between 69 and 155 MWel). The current restrictions for injecting hydrogen into the gas network (2-10% by volume) mean that these PtG plants would have to incorporate a methanation step in order to upgrade and feed in SNG. The generation of SNG on a local level is therefore expected to be an option by about 2040, if the development of renewable energy generation proceeds as quickly as expected in the current energy-political scenario explored here. The existing CO2 sources for methanation are not located in the vicinity of the expected PtG plants, so that a CO2 separation from the air and/or a liquefied transport could be most economical. Further work is required to consider the local energy infrastructure, especially electrical and gas distribution networks.
  • Publication
    Energy efficiency networks - what are the processes that make them work?
    ( 2018)
    Dütschke, Elisabeth orcid-logo
    ;
    Hirzel, Simon orcid-logo
    ;
    Idrissova, Farikha
    ;
    Mai, Michael
    ;
    Mielicke, Ursula
    ;
    Nabitz, Lisa
    Energy efficiency networks have received increasing attention over the last few years, not only from national governments (Austria, China, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland) but also from utilities, consulting engineers, chambers of commerce, and city councils. This paper examines the factors that contribute to the success of such networks by drawing on unique data from two pilot projects involving 34 energy efficiency networks in Germany. The objective is to explain why the companies participating in such networks are much faster at reducing their energy costs than the average in similar businesses. Possible explanations for the success of energy efficiency networks include the following: (1) energy audits make profitable potentials visible; (2) the joint network targets for efficiency and emissions increase the motivation of energy managers, decision-makers, and other staff members; (3) the meetings and site visits of the network participants act like an intensive training course to increase the knowledge of efficient solutions, change decision routines, and lead to trust among the participants; and (4) network participation reduces transaction costs. In our data, we find support for the first, the third, and the fourth explanations, i.e. the audits make profitable potentials visible and networks function as a training course to increase knowledge. And, from the point of view of participants, transaction costs are reduced. The impact of network goals, on the other hand, appears to have both up- and downsides. We conclude that there is the need for further research in order to capture these mechanisms in more detail.
  • Publication
    A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure
    ( 2018)
    Hardman, Scott
    ;
    Jenn, Alan
    ;
    Tal, Gil
    ;
    Axsen, Jonn
    ;
    Beard, George
    ;
    Daina, Nicolo
    ;
    Figenbaum, Erik
    ;
    Jakobsson, Niklas
    ;
    Jochem, Patrick
    ;
    Kinnear, Neale
    ;
    Plötz, Patrick orcid-logo
    ;
    Pontes, Jose
    ;
    Refa, Nazir
    ;
    Sprei, Frances
    ;
    Turrentine, Tom
    ;
    Witkamp, Bert
    This paper presents a literature review of studies that investigate infrastructure needs to support the market introduction of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). It focuses on literature relating to consumer preferences for charging infrastructure, and how consumers interact with and use this infrastructure. This includes studies that use questionnaire surveys, interviews, modelling, GPS data from vehicles, and data from electric vehicle charging equipment. These studies indicate that the most important location for PEV charging is at home, followed by work, and then public locations. Studies have found that more effort is needed to ensure consumers have easy access to PEV charging and that charging at home, work, or public locations should not be free of cost. Research indicates that PEV charging will not impact electricity grids on the short term, however charging may need to be managed when the vehicles are deployed in greater numbers. In some areas of study the literature is not sufficiently mature to draw any conclusions from. More research is especially needed to determine how much infrastructure is needed to support the roll out of PEVs. This paper ends with policy implications and suggests avenues of future research.
  • Publication
    Industrial excess heat recovery in industry-city networks: A technical, environmental and economic assessment of heat flexibility
    ( 2018)
    Karner, Katharina
    ;
    McKenna, Russell
    ;
    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
    ;
    Kienberger, Thomas
    The decarbonization of the energy system is a major objective of the European Union. Industry's share of end energy demand is 25% (2015) and therefore offers a good starting point. Numerous studies prove the economic feasibility and environmental benefits of using industrial excess heat. The temporal mismatch of the urban heat demand and the industrial excess heat does not allow a 100% utilization, hence more flexibility is needed in industry-city networks. Until now, flexibility has focused almost exclusively on the electricity sector. This paper proposes measures to enable heat flexibility and uses a case study to evaluate their technical, environmental and economic feasibility. Heat storages, city clusters (linking two cities via district heating) and industrial load shifting are considered as flexibility options. In contrast to the previous load shift approaches, the industrial processes and thus the supply of industrial excess heat is shifted in such a way that it will result in a better match with the urban heat demand. The case study shows that the use of industrial excess heat results in environmental and economic benefits and requires the use of flexibility options. For all three criteria, the best result is achieved by creating a city cluster, followed by the integration of heat storages. These flexibility options enable an industrial excess heat utilization of up to 100% and a reduction of CO2 emissions to almost half of the initial situation. The load shifting is subject to uncertainties and does not lead to economical or environmental advantages. It is therefore recommended to use industrial excess heat and, if there is another city in close proximity, to create a city cluster or to integrate a heat storage.
  • Publication
    Wie wir in Zukunft unterwegs sein werden
    ( 2017)
    Schneider, Uta orcid-logo
    ;
    Doll, Claus
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    Ensslen, Axel
    ;
    Fichtner, Wolf
    ;
    Gießler, Martin
    ;
    Hilgert, Tim
    ;
    Jochem, Patrick
    ;
    Kagerbauer, Martin
    ;
    Kubaisi, Rayad
    ;
    Peters, Anja
    ;
    Pfriem, Matthias
    ;
    Wietschel, Martin
  • Publication
    External costs of electric vehicles
    ( 2016)
    Jochem, Patrick
    ;
    Doll, Claus
    ;
    Fichtner, Wolf
    Electric vehicles (EV) are often considered a promising technology to decrease external costs of road transport. Therefore, main external cost components are estimated for EV and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). These include costs of accidents, air pollution, climate change, noise, and congestion. All components are estimated over the product lifetime and, where appropriate, differentiated according to fuel type, vehicle size as well as emission location and time. The advantage of this differentiation is, however, compensated by high uncertainties of most cost estimates. Overall, the external costs of EV and ICEV do not differ significantly. Only for climate change, local air pollutants in congested inner-cities, and noise some advantageous effects can be observed for EV. The advantages depend strongly on the national electricity power plant portfolio and potentially also on the charging strategy. Controlled charging might allow for higher emission reductions than uncontrolled charging of EV.
  • Publication
    Assessing the value of storage in a future energy system with a high share of renewable electricity generation
    ( 2014)
    Genoese, Fabio
    ;
    Genoese, Massimo
    Increasing the share of intermittent renewable electricity generation will require additional flexibility in the electricity system. While energy storage can provide such flexibility, studies about the economics of power storage often conclude that there is no business case for large-scale storage applications. In this paper, we present a new approach on how to assess the benefits of energy storage. Key improvements have been made in two areas: Firstly, the agent-based market simulation model PowerACE has been enhanced to make use of optimization methods (MILP) for the unit commitment of the agents, enabling us to quantify the economic benefit of flexibility at supply agent level. Secondly, we have considerably extended the common unit commitment problem (Carrion and Arroyo, IEEE Trans Power Syst 21(3):1371-1378, 2006), so that we can now model the provision of positive and negative balancing power and the dispatch of storage units. We compare the flexibility offered by thermal power plants to that offered by storage units for the four major German electricity generating companies under two different scenarios. The results for 2030 indicate that it would be more profitable to build up to 4,800 MW storage capacity in the German market rather than investing in flexible combined cycle gas turbine plants or hard coal-fired units. The increasingly fluctuating residual load implies that inflexible power plants will be penalized. Using storage units, the power plants of an existing portfolio can be dispatched in a more efficient way, i.e. with less operation in part load and avoiding start-up or shutdown events.
  • Publication
    Agent-based analysis of the impact of CO2 emission trading on spot market prices for electricity in Germany
    ( 2007)
    Genoese, Massimo
    ;
    Sensfuß, Frank
    ;
    Möst, Dominik
    ;
    Rentz, Otto
    The introduction of the European Emission Trading System (EUETS) in the year 2005 has been characterised by increasing wholesale power prices across Europe. This price increase has led to a public discussion on the legitimacy of the integration of the price of the free of charge allocated CO 2 emission allowances into market prices of electricity. In this paper, we analyse the integration of different proportions of the daily actual emission allowance price into the bidding process for power plants on the German spot market and the resulting effect on the electricity prices for the year 2005. The analysis is carried out by an agent-based simulation model. The results indicate that approximately 75-100% of the CO 2 allowance price is passed through to the electricity price.