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PublicationMetastudie Wasserstoff. Was lässt sich aus Energiesystemstudien schlussfolgern?( 2022)Im Auftrag des Nationalen Wasserstoffrats haben die drei Fraunhofer-Institute ISI, ISE und IEG in einer Metastudie die potentielle Nachfrage nach Wasserstoff sowie Wasserstoffderivaten bis 2050 analysiert. Hierzu wurden aktuelle Systemstudien für die EU und für Deutschland mit Szenarien für einen ambitionierten Klimaschutz analysiert. Die ausgewerteten Studien haben eine (stark techno-ökonomische) Systemsicht aus einer Energieperspektive heraus. Nicht alle Aspekte eines Transformationspfades (z. B. heimische Arbeitsplätze und Wertschöpfung, bestehende Regulierung, beschlossene Fördermaßnahmen etc.) werden dabei berücksichtigt. Diese Studien arbeiten mit Szenarien, die keine Vorhersagen darstellen, sondern die möglichen Entwicklungen und techno-ökonomische Pfade unter verschiedenen Annahmen abbilden.
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PublicationC/sells - das Energiesystem der Zukunft im Solarbogen Süddeutschlands( 2021)
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PublicationPlug-in electric vehicles' automated charging control: iZEUS Project( 2017)This chapter examines how plug-in electric vehicles can be managed to balance the fluctuation of renewable electricity sources. The evaluations of this chapter were object of the iZEUS Project ""Intelligent Zero Emission Urban System"" funded by the German Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy. In this context, different control strategies are introduced and, in order to investigate indirect control via electricity tariffs, an electricity market analysis of a system with a high share of generation from renewable electricity sources has been conducted. The analysis uses driving data collected from battery electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles in a research project which means that real charging and driving behavior can be considered. The results show that it is difficult to implement smart charging based on economic arguments because the incentives from day-ahead electricity markets are relatively small. In addition, a novel, autonomous control approach is being discussed for plug-in electric vehicles. While measuring the voltage at the grid connection point, plug-in electric vehicles are able to fully independently generate operation schedules that can avoid load peaks and integrate fluctuating power outputs from distributed renewable generation sources. The results reveal that combining indirect, price-based control to consider the system level with autonomous voltage-based control to consider the situation in distribution grids is a very promising control approach that allows electric vehicles to benefit from sustainable renewable generation and avoids load peaks due to simultaneous charging.
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PublicationOpportunities and challenges of high renewable energy deployment and electricity exchange for North Africa and Europe - scenarios for power sector and transmission infrastructure in 2030 and 2050( 2016)Climate change and limited availability of fossil fuel reserves stress both the importance of deploying renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation and the need for a stronger integration of regional electricity markets. This analysis focuses on North African (NA) countries, which possess vast resources of renewable energy but whose electricity supply is still largely dependent on fossil fuels. An analysis of cost-optimized deployment scenarios for RES is conducted in five NA countries in 2030 and 2050. Three electricity models are combined to derive results covering trans-regional to sub-national level, including a detailed analysis of grid capacities and future transmission challenges. Further, opportunities for integration of European and NA electricity markets are evaluated. Results confirm that, by 2050, high RES shares - close to 100% - are possible in NA. Wind energy is the dominant technology. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants also play an important role with rising RES shares due to the possibility to store thermal energy. Electricity exports to Europe gain particular importance in the period after 2030. Substantial transmission grid reinforcements on AC-level and the construction of a high voltage DC overlay grid are prerequisites for the forecasted scenarios.
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PublicationShort term policy strategies and long term targets: The case of the German building sector( 2014)The German government set targets for the reduction of heating energy demand in buildings (-20% of space heating energy need 2008-2020) as well as for the share of renewables in the overall heatsector (14% by 2020). In addition, long-term visions up to 2050 exist. The research questions of this paper are: (1) How can different policies affect space heating and hot water energy demand in Germany by 2020? (2) To which extent are these short-term policy interventions consistent with longterm targets? We use Invert/EE-Lab for modelling the German residential and non-residential building sector. The model takes into account barriers and investment decision patterns for the uptake of renovation measures and the investment in different types of heating, hot water and cooling technologies. More than 60 short-term scenarios until 2020 are simulated with different policy design options and energy price levels. They serve as a starting point for simulating a smaller number of scenarios until 2050. The short-term scenarios show that with ambitious policy design final energy demand in the German building sector for heating, hot water and cooling could decrease by about 16% from 2008 until 2020 (i.e. below 680 TWh in 2020 compared to 808 TWh in 2008), GHG emissions could decrease by more than 50% and the renewable share could more than double. Though, this may seem promising, the long-term scenarios indicate that most of the short-term scenarios do not prepare the ground for really ambitious energy efficiency and climate mitigation targets of the building sector in 2050.
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PublicationSmart grid agent: Plug-in electric vehicle( 2014)This study describes a method for programming a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) agent that can be used in power system models and in embedded systems implemented in real PEVs. Implementing the software in real-life applications and in simulation tools enables research with a high degree of detail and practical relevance. Agent-based programming, therefore, is an important tool for investigating the future power system. To demonstrate the PEV agent behavior, an optimization algorithm is presented and two battery aging methods, as well as their effect on vehicle-to-grid operation, are analyzed. Aging costs based on the depth-of-discharge result in shallow cycles and a strong dependency on driving behavior, because the state-of-charge affects the discharging process. In contrast, aging costs based on energy throughput calculations result in deeper cycles and V2G operation, which is less dependent on driving behavior.
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Publication"SuperGrid" - Das europäisch-nordafrikanische HGÜ-Overlay-Netz der Zukunft( 2013)Die Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien (EE) wie Sonne, Wind und Wasser ist ein weltweit wachsender Zukunftsmarkt. Sie dient dem Klimaschutz und kann dem Schwinden fossiler Ressourcen entgegenwirken. Dem gegenüber stellt die zunehmende Einspeisung EE jedoch hohe Anforderungen an den Transport und die Verteilung des Stromes durch die Volatilität der EE. Einspeisung, Transport und Verteilung des Stromes gewinnen somit immer mehr an Bedeutung und erfordern einen Ausbau der Stromnetze. Darüber hinaus kommt künftig den Regionen mit einer hohen Verfügbarkeit an EE eine große Rolle zu. Im Rahmen verschiedener Projekte wird evaluiert inwiefern erzeugter Strom aus EE aus z. B. den Regionen Nordafrikas (NA) in die Wirtschaftszentren Süd- und Mitteleuropas transportiert werden kann. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung werden die Ergebnisse einer Studie zur Entwicklung des nordafrikanisch-europäischen Stromaustauschs dargestellt. Dabei werden mögliche Entwicklungen für die Stromerzeugung in NA und dem -export nach Europa ermittelt, gegenwärtige Gegebenheiten der Übertragungsnetze analysiert und die Notwendigkeit, Struktur und Art eines überlagernden Netzes bewertet. Angesichts der großen zu übertragenden Leistungen und zu überwindenden Distanzen, sowie anderer technischer Rahmenbedingungen, kommt nach heutigem Stand der Technik lediglich eine Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Übertragung (HGÜ) in Betracht. Auf Grund der erzielten Ergebnisse zum Elektrizitätstransport wird das dafür benötigte HGÜ-Netz vorgestellt und die Ausprägung der Stromerzeugung und Netzinfrastruktur in NA detailliert.
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PublicationDoes smart metering reduce residential electricity demand?( 2012)
