Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    Demand response in the service sector - Theoretical, technical and practical potentials
    ( 2020)
    Wohlfarth, Katharina
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    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
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    Gutknecht, Ralph orcid-logo
    Flexible energy demand (demand response, DR) is seen as one solution to integrate intermittent renewable energy sources into future energy systems. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the DR potential of the service sector, using a transparent bottom-up approach, along with quantitative survey data from a large sample size of over 1500 German companies. This allows us to estimate the theoretical and technical potentials and to representatively quantify the willingness of the companies to participate in DR, determining the practical potential. We identified food retail as well as restaurants as most promising subsectors, based on the availability of flexible appliances and control technologies and their willingness to conduct automated DR. Taking cross-cutting flexible appliances in the subsectors offices, trade and hotels/restaurants into account, our estimations result in approximately 22 TWh of theoretical potential (~35% of total electricity consumption of the subsectors), 4 TWh of technical potential and 1 TWh of practical potential. Relevant barriers to DR are its perceived low priority and inadequate financial incentives due to a small share of energy costs within firms, whereas customer image of DR is perceived as an important driver. Knowledge of barriers and drivers is valuable for designing policies, which incorporate the needs of applicants and enable companies to participate in DR. Across European countries, the structure and share of electricity demand of the service sector is fairly comparable (with differences arising from climatic context); hence the insights derived here are in its main conclusions also relevant for the entirety of Europe.
  • Publication
    Sektorkopplung - was ist darunter zu verstehen?
    ( 2019)
    Wietschel, Martin
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    Plötz, Patrick orcid-logo
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    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
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    Müller-Kirchenbauer, Joachim
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    Kochems, Johannes
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    Hermann, Lisa
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    Grosse, Benjamin
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    Nacken, Lukas
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    Küster, Michael
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    Naumann, David
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    Kost, Christoph
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    Fahl, Ulrich
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    Timmermann, Daniel
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    Albert, Denise
    Sektorkopplung ist in den letzten Jahren in der Energie- und Klimapolitik als neue Begrifflichkeit aufgetaucht und hat aktuell einen sehr hohen Stellenwert in der energiepolitischen Diskussion als eine der zentralen Maßnahmen zur Minderung der Treibhausgase. Eine Auswertung der Literatur zeigt allerdings, dass für den Begriff Sektorkopplung bislang kein einheitliches Begriffsverständnis existiert. Ausgehend von der Analyse, welche Sektoren überhaupt miteinander gekoppelt werden, welche Technologien unter der Sektorkopplung üblicherweise gefasst werden und welche unterschiedlichen Zielsetzungen mit der Sektorkopplung verfolgt werden, wird in dem Artikel eine breiter gefasste Definition erarbeitet. Diese bezieht sowohl die direkte erneuerbare Stromnutzung wie die Umwandlung von Strom in gas- oder flüssige Brenn- und Kraftstoffe ein. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass auch eine Beschränkung auf erneuerbaren Strom nicht zielführend sein muss, sondern auch die Nutzung von konventionellem Strom oder anderer erneuerbaren Energiequellen durchaus einen wertvollen Beitrag für eine Sektorkopplung liefern kann. Neben der Kopplung der Umwandlungs- und Nachfragesektoren kann auch die Verknüpfung von nachfrageseitigen Sektoren untereinander über Infrastrukturen zur Sektorkopplung gezählt werden. Um eine Sektorkopplung zu einem Erfolg zu führen, sind der regulatorische Rahmen anzupassen sowie juristische Aspekte, die mit dem Begriffsverständnis verbunden sind, zu klären.
  • Publication
    How much load flexibility can a euro buy? Findings from a contingent valuation experiment with companies in the German commerce and services sector
    ( 2019)
    Olsthoorn, Mark
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    Schleich, Joachim orcid-logo
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    Wohlfarth, Katharina
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    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
    Demand-side load management is considered a cost-efficient solution for accommodating growing shares of intermittent renewable electricity production. We employ a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation (CV) experiment with 275 companies in the German commerce and services sector to estimate the effectiveness of a subsidy to make their ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration and freezing systems available for automated load management. Our estimates suggest that a given subsidy would unlock more flexible load at lower per MWh subsidy costs from air conditioning compared to ventilation. We find no effect of subsectors and the proposed frequency and duration of the load curtailments on the subsidy level. Subsidy levels in the center of the distribution yield specific subsidy costs that suggest that load management in the commerce and services sector may become a competitive option on the balancing market.
  • Publication
    Weiterentwicklung der Stromnetzentgelte: Fixere oder flexiblere Entgelte oder beides?
    ( 2018)
    Fritz, Wolfgang
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    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
    Netzentgelte machen einen bedeutenden Teil der Strompreise für die Endverbraucher aus. Damit beeinflussen sie das Verhalten der Verbraucher am Strommarkt und somit auch den Fortgang der Energiewende. Zugleich wirken sich energiewendebedingte Entwicklungen auf die Höhe der Netzentgelte aus. Eine Untersuchung verschiedener Vorschläge aus der Debatte über die Struktur und Höhe der Netzentgelte zeigt, dass durchaus verschiedene Ziele etwa hinsichtlich der Anreize für Sektorkopplung und Flexibilitätseinsatz oder eines effizienten Netzausbaus in Einklang gebracht werden können. Es müssen aber auch Abwägungen getroffen werden, da es keine in jeder Beziehung optimale Gestaltung der Entgelte gibt.
  • Publication
    Persistence of the effects of providing feedback alongside smart metering devices on household electricity demand
    ( 2017)
    Schleich, Joachim orcid-logo
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    Faure, Corinne
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    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
    Using large-sample high temporal resolution data from a smart metering field trial, we econometrically estimate the effects of providing feedback in addition to smart metering devices. We compare consumption levels and patterns between a pilot group that received feedback in addition to smart metering devices and a control group with only smart metering devices. We investigate, in particular, the persistence of the effects and whether the effects differ between periods of high and low household occupancy, i.e. between morning and evening periods, and between weekdays and weekend days. The findings show that feedback is effective, leading to about 5% electricity consumption reduction that is persistent over an eleven month period. Furthermore, our results show that this reduction affects both low and high occupancy periods, suggesting that feedback is associated with rather permanent changes in habitual behavior and/or investments in energy-efficient technologies.
  • Publication
    Barriers to electricity load shift in companies: A survey-based exploration of the end-user perspective
    ( 2015)
    Olsthoorn, Mark
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    Schleich, Joachim orcid-logo
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    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
    As countries move toward larger shares of renewable energy and build fleets of electric vehicles, the slow diffusion of active electricity load management should concern energy policy makers and users alike. It leads to unnecessarily costly investments and/or jeopardizes reliability. Active load management can increase capacity factors of existing capacity, reduce the need for new capacity, and alleviate congestion and transmission constraints. In addition, it reduces price volatility, mitigates market power, and lowers electricity prices for end-users. This paper conceptually and empirically explores barriers to load shift in industry from an end-user perspective. Based on the taxonomy of barriers developed in the realm of barriers to energy efficiency, a questionnaire was developed which translates these barriers into 21 items in the context of load shift. Then, an online survey was carried out among companies located primarily in Southern Germany. The findings suggestthat the most important barriers are risk of disruption of operations, impact on product quality, and uncertainty about cost savings. Of little concern are access to capital, lack of employee skills, and data security. The findings of statistical tests suggest that larger companies are more concerned about technical, financial and regulatory risk than smaller ones. Companies with a continuous production process report lower barrier scores than companies using batch or just-in-time production. A principal component analysis clusters the barriers, points to differences between barriers to load shift and barriers to energy efficiency, and offers guidance for future empirical studies.
  • Publication
    Efficient strategies for the integration of renewable energy into future energy infrastructures in Europe - an analysis based on transnational modeling and case studies for nine European regions
    ( 2014)
    Boie, I.
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    Fernandes, C.
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    Frias, P.
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    Klobasa, M. orcid-logo
    As a result of the current international climate change strategy, the European Commission has agreed on ambitious targets to reduce CO2 emissions by more than 80% until 2050 as compared to 1990 levels and to increase the share of renewable energy and improve energy efficiency by 20% until 2020. Under this framework, renewable energy generation has increased considerably in the EU and it is expected to keep growing in the future years. This paper presents long-term strategies for transmission infrastructure development to integrate increasing amounts of renewable generation in the time horizon of 2030-2050. These are part of the outcomes of the SUSPLAN project,(1) which focuses on four possible future renewable deployment scenarios in different European regions taking into account the corresponding infrastructure needs, especially electricity and gas grids, both on regional and transnational level. The main objective of the project is the development of guidelines for the integration of renewable energy into future energy infrastructures while taking account of national and regional characteristics. Therefore, the analysis is based on a two-track approach: A transnational modeling exercise ("top-down") and in-depth case studies for nine representative European regions ("bottom-up").
  • Publication
    Market integration of renewable electricity generation - the german market premium model
    ( 2013)
    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
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    Winkler, Jenny
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    Sensfuss, F.
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    Ragwitz, Mario
    Feed-in tariffs for renewable electricity have proven to be an effective and cost-efficient instrument because they provide long-term investment security; however, they do not incentivize grid and market integration. Feed-in premiums are a relatively novel instrument designed with the objective of keeping investment risks low while allowing for improved grid and market integration. This article analyses the German feed-in premium. The evaluation of the operation during the first year gives first indications that the market premium can contribute to the system and market integration of renewable energies, while still maintaining investment security. First impacts can be seen in the following fields: diversity of market actors, forecast accuracy, improved remote control and participation in the reserve markets. In general, it can be concluded that the German market premium has been able to trigger significant developments. However, additional assessments of the instrument are necessary in order to see whether the observed changes are sustainable and lead to the expected developments.
  • Publication
    Effects of feedback on residential electricity demand - findings from a field trial in Austria
    ( 2013)
    Schleich, Joachim orcid-logo
    ;
    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
    ;
    Gölz, Sebastian
    ;
    Brunner, Marc
    This paper analyzes the effects of providing feedback on electricity consumption in a field trial involving more than 1500 households in Linz, Austria. About half of these households received feedback together with information about electricity-saving measures (pilot group), while the remaining households served as a control group. Participation in the pilot group was random, but households were able to choose between two types of feedback: access to a web portal or written feedback by post. Results from cross section OLS regression suggest that feedback provided to the pilot group corresponds with electricity savings of around 4.5% for the average household. Our results from quantile regressions imply that for households in the 30th to the 70th percentile of electricity consumption, feedback on electricity consumption is statistically significant and effects are highest in absolute terms and as a share of electricity consumption. For percentiles below or above this ran ge, feedback appears to have no effect. Finally, controlling for a potential endogeneity bias induced by non random participation in the feedback type groups, we find no difference in the effects of feedback provided via the web portal and by post.
  • Publication
    Führt Verbrauchsfeedback zu Stromeinsparungen?
    ( 2012)
    Gölz, Sebastian
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    Götz, Konrad
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    Klobasa, Marian orcid-logo
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    Schleich, Joachim orcid-logo
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    Sunderer, Georg
    Politisch wird die Zielsetzung verfolgt, dass Energieversorger ihren Kunden durch intelligente Stromzähler und monatliche Abrechnungen häufigere und detaillierte Information über ihren Stromverbrauch bereitstellen sollen. Damit ist die Vorstellung verbunden, dass ein Stromverbrauchsfeedback tatsächlich zu Stromeinsparungen führt. In einem aktuellen Projekt ("Intelliekon") wurde dieser Frage im Rahmen eines Feldversuchs nachgegangen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Haushaltskunden Feedbackinstrumente zum Stromverbrauch positiv bewerten, obwohl sie das Feedback nur kurzzeitig aktiv nutzen. Deutlich wird aber auch, dass das Feedback zwar zum Stromsparen anregt, die Wirkmechanismen aber nicht vollständig mit den bisher beschriebenen Erwartungen übereinstimmen.