Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    Perspektiven des deutschen Innovationssystems: Technologische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und wirtschaftlicher Wandel
    ( 2020)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Frietsch, Rainer
    Gegenstand dieses Kapitels ist es, die heutige technologische Wettbewerbsposition Deutschlands vor dem Hintergrund der jahrzehntelang gewachsenen ""typisch deutschen"" Innovationskultur zu betrachten und zu verstehen. Im Einzelnen wird die Entwicklung der Wissenschaftsausgaben ab 1850 und der Forschungsausgaben ab 1945 sowie die Publikationstätigkeit ab 1900 betrachtet, insbesondere auch die industrielle Forschung und Entwicklung ab 1962. Ein weiterer Indikator der langfristigen Analyse sind Patentanmeldungen ab 1812. Auf dieser Basis wird die heutige technologische Wettbewerbsposition diskutiert. Abschließend wird betrachtet, welche Herausforderungen für das in seiner Struktur persistente deutsche Innovationssystem durch die Globalisierung und die Digitalisierung entstehen und wie es darauf reagieren kann. Dieses Kapitel ist eine Aktualisierung eines Beitrags der ursprünglichen Fassung dieses Buches von 2009. Es ist dem damaligen Koautoren Hariolf Grupp gewidmet, der leider viel zu früh und unerwartet verstarb. Viele Passagen des Kapitels gehen auf Hariolf Grupp zurück.
  • Publication
    Interplay of patents and trademarks as tools in economic competition
    ( 2019)
    Mendonça, Sandro
    ;
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Neuhäusler, Peter orcid-logo
    Integrated manufacturing-service systems have been receiving attention recently. The phenomenon of services-to-artifacts companies, namely those specializing in intermediate goods and complex equipment, is increasingly instrumental for long-run competitiveness in fast-changing, high-quality global markets. The debate has so far has remained largely qualitative, and the effective role and relevance of services is rather fuzzy. Against this background, this chapter brings in empirical evidence concerning the evolving business models of a variety of leading innovative manufacturing companies. For this purpose, over 50 manufacturing companies listed in the European Union (EU) research & development (R&D) investment scoreboard are analyzed in terms of patents and trademarks. In particular, trademark strategies are studied in greater depth, and they are sub-divided into goods and services marks and into high and low sophistication. Service marks are used as a supplement to patents, as the service component of industrial offerings is not covered by classic indicators of technical change. The economic data from the EU (EU Scoreboard R&D, sales, growth, employees, profits, or investment) are linked to the patent and trademark data in order to see which balance of goods and service capabilities leads to favorable economic results.
  • Publication
    Springer handbook of science and technology indicators. Preface
    ( 2019)
    Glänzel, Wolfgang
    ;
    Moed, Henk F.
    ;
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Thelwall, Mike
    The Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators offers a collection of state-of-the-art contributions on quantitative science and technology research. Organized in six parts, the individual chapters focus on various aspects of the development and application of indicators derived from data on scholarly publications, patents, and electronic communication. The 44 chapters are written by leading specialists in the topics selected for this Springer Handbook. These chapters deal with theoretical and methodological issues, illustrate applications, highlight their policy context and relevance, and point to future research directions. In particular, the authors present a survey of the research topics they address, and show their most recent achievements and contribution to the advancement of quantitative studies of science and technology. The chapters are arranged into six parts: Part A: Analysis of data sources and network analysis Part B: Advancement of methodology for research assessment Part C: Science systems and research policy Part D: New indicators for research assessment Part E: Advancement of methodology for patent analysis Part F: Patent system, patents, and economics. The Editors' Introduction provides a further specification of the handbook's scope and of the main topics addressed in its chapters. This Springer Handbook aims at four distinct groups of readers: practitioners in the field of science and technology studies; research students in this field; information scientistsa and practitioners in informatics; scientists, scholars, and technicians who are interested in a systematic, thorough analysis of their activities; policy-makers and administrators who wish to be informed about the potentialities and limitations of the various approaches and about their results. The current handbook can be considered a successor of the Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Studies edited by Anthony van Raan and published in 1988 and the Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research. The Use of Publication and Patent Statistics in Studies of S&T Systems edited by Henk F. Moed, Wolfgang Glänzel, and Ulrich Schmoch in 2004. We are grateful to all contributors for their enormous efforts to share their longstanding experience as experts in their research topics and to provide us with excellent chapters for this handbook.
  • Publication
    Methodological challenges for creating accurate patent indicators
    ( 2019)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Khan, Mosahid
    The chapter deals with new methodological issues of retrieval for patent indicators linked to the change of the patent system in the last 20 years and the new ways to access patent data. In particular, it describes international flows of patent applications between the US, Europe, and Southeast Asia, and illustrates methods for an appropriate cross-country comparison. A central topic of this chapter is the implications of the frequently used Patent Cooperation Treaty route of patent applications on the conception of search strategies and the interpretation of search results. Furthermore, the possibilities of search with the new international Cooperative Patent Classification are explained. In addition, the patenting activities of very large companies and patent value are discussed.
  • Publication
    Springer handbook of science and technology indicators. Editors' introduction
    ( 2019)
    Moed, Henk F.
    ;
    Glänzel, Wolfgang
    ;
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    ;
    Thelwall, Mike
  • Publication
    The Informative Value of International University Rankings: Some Methodological Remarks
    ( 2015)
    Schmoch, Ulrich orcid-logo
    Global university rankings are critically discussed concerning their outcome, e.g., pointing to contradictory results. In contrast, this paper examines three issues with the example of three well known rankings (Shanghai, Times and Taiwan). First, on which methods, in particular on which indicators are they based? Second, are there fundamental deficits of concept and systematic biases? Third, can one predict good or bad ranking scores, based on the respective concept? In addition with the example of German universities there are two factors on performance measurement discussed, disciplinary cultures and size of the university. In sum, the usefulness of global rankings is considered to be highly questionable. Measures in science policy should not be legitimated with such rankings.
  • Publication
    Is there a European university model? New evidence on national path dependence and structural convergence
    ( 2014)
    Schubert, T. orcid-logo
    ;
    Bonaccorsi, A.
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    Brandt, T.
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    Filippo, D. de
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    Lepori, B.
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    Niederl, A.
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    Schmoch, U. orcid-logo
    ;
    Slipersaeter, S.
    The issue of diversity and differentiation in higher education has been repeatedly debated in the literature (Meek et al., 1996; Huisman et al., 2007). Based on a large dataset that contains the full census of European higher education institutions, this chapter offers a fresh perspective on the debate using a quantitative approach, allowing a dedicatedly empirical assessment of diversity and differentiation in higher education institutions. For our analysis we use model-based clustering techniques in order to determine the main activity profiles of higher education institutions in Europe. Our main findings suggest that there is a functional divide into higher education institutions (HEIs) in which research and teaching coexist and younger (usually small) education-only organizations. From this perspective, looking at the observable behaviour rather than at the governance structures, the European higher education system seems much less fragmented than often argued. A further important result is that we do not find any empirical support for the existence of other commonly applied and seemingly intuitive classifications, such as the research university. Despite some basic similarities in the European HEI landscape, however, we also find national differences and diversity.
  • Publication
    Mapping the European higher education landscape: New insights from the EUMIDA project
    ( 2014)
    Niederl, A.
    ;
    Bonaccorsi, A.
    ;
    Lepori, B.
    ;
    Brandt, T.
    ;
    Filippo, D. de
    ;
    Schmoch, U. orcid-logo
    ;
    Schubert, T. orcid-logo
    ;
    Slipersaeter, S.
    The European higher education landscape is characterized by a high degree of diversity with respect to structure, mission and profile. This chapter contributes to the current debate on mapping the European higher education landscape by providing a complete census of all higher education institutions in the European Research Area as well as their characterization based on a number of descriptors and statistical data. This is made possible by a research project called EUMIDA, which was carried out for the European Commission, DG Research and Innovation, in cooperation with DG EAC and Eurostat. Going beyond the core of research-intensive universities as covered by most university rankings it is critical to understand the overall structure of higher education systems, the division of tasks between higher education subsectors and the spread of the research and educational mission. This work significantly extends previous work by some of the authors in the AQUAMETH project for the coverage of the database and the level of standardization of the collected data (Bonaccorsi and Daraio, 2007, 2009; Bonaccorsi et al., 2007; Daraio et al., 2011). The EUMIDA higher education census covers 2457 institutions in 27 European countries including all EU countries except France, plus Norway and Switzerland and covers approximately 90 per cent of the total number of students in tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 and 6).