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Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI
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PublicationInnovation and growth in Germany over the past 150 years( 2005)
;Grupp, H. ;Dominguez-Lacasa, I. ;Friedrich-Nishio, M.Jungmittag, A.This contribution starts from today's definitions of innovation indicators and traces their evolution back over the past 150 years. It is divided into a descriptive and an econometric part. The German innovation system has generally been very stable, even though it witnessed several political changes over the past century. This allows a comparison of the period 1850-1913 with 1951-1999. In the first period, the overall empirical results indicate a linear innovation relation beween student numbers as well as public science expenditure, the number of patents granted, and economic demand. However, the second period suggests a different logic in the innovation process; demand drives total R&D expenditure, while patent output does not follow demand. The real domestic product does not seem to depend strongly on innovation activities. -
PublicationBedeutung von Innovationen für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit( 2005)
;Haller, I.Grupp, H. -
PublicationThe national german innovation system - its development in different governmental and territorial structures( 2005)
;Grupp, H. ;Dominguez-Lacasa, I.Friedrich-Nishio, M. -