Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI

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  • Publication
    Comparing options to electrify heavy-duty vehicles. Findings of German pilot projects
    ( 2020)
    Speth, Daniel orcid-logo
    ;
    Funke, Simon Á.
    While the electrification of passenger vehicles is already in full swing, for the decarbonization of heavy-duty trucks still various challenges exist. Especially the high specific energy consumption in combination with high daily driving ranges makes battery electric operation much more difficult than for passenger cars. Accordingly, a broad set of different drivetrains is discussed, inter alia hydrogen powered trucks, catenary hybrid trucks and synthetic fuels. One main advantage of the direct use of electricity in trucks is the high energy efficiency. Still, for heavy duty trucks different concepts for electric trucks do exist. Here, we compare battery electric trucks with a fast charging option, full electric catenary trucks and battery swap trucks. For a broad perspective, we use seven different comparative dimensions ranging from total cost of ownership to more qualitative but not less important aspects such as necessity of standardization, which would reduce OEM decision-making freedom. We base our comparison on findings from German pilot projects. While battery electric trucks or battery swap are advantageous since they can be operated in niche operations and thus allow a demand driven rollout of charging infrastructure, catenary infrastructure needs high investments upfront which entails financial risks, but allows for lowest cost if utilized to capacity.
  • Publication
    Overhead catenary vehicles in south-west Germany? A regional catenary vehicle network and its implications for electricity demand
    ( 2020)
    Fritz, John
    ;
    Speth, Daniel orcid-logo
    ;
    Plötz, Patrick orcid-logo
    The introduction of heavy-duty overhead catenary vehicles in the state of Baden-Württemberg in south-west Germany could have a noteworthy impact on the energy system. We elaborate when, where and how much additional energy is required, based on four levels of market diffusion. Roads to be electrified are selected based on the traffic volume. Hourly resolved traffic flows allow electric load analysis. In an ambitious market diffusion scenario, there is an 8% increase of the electricity demand. In two counties, Pforzheim and Baden-Baden, the total electricity demand increases by more than 30%. The average load increases by 650 MW but the highest hourly peak annually is even 3.5 times higher.
  • Publication
    Future regional distribution of electric vehicles in Germany
    ( 2020)
    Speth, Daniel orcid-logo
    ;
    Gnann, Till orcid-logo
    ;
    Plötz, Patrick orcid-logo
    ;
    Wietschel, Martin
    ;
    George, Jan F. orcid-logo
    Electrification as an option to decarbonize road transport leads to an increasing number of electric vehicles in Germany. However, the stock of electric vehicles is not evenly distributed regionally. The local distribution of electric vehicles is particularly important from an energy system perspective in order to be able to estimate future grid loads. Here, we use multiple linear regression to distribute a German-wide market diffusion of electric vehicles to 401 NUTS3-areas in Germany. Current regional vehicle stocks and regional development data (e.g. population, income, and spatial structure) are used as independent variables. We combine these variables with forecasts for spatial development and obtain a regionalized electric vehicle market diffusion for Germany. First results suggest a concentration of BEV and PHEV stocks in southwestern Germany and in large cities in the medium-term future.
  • Publication
    A techno-economic comparison of battery swap and electric road systems for heavy road transport. A German case study
    ( 2019)
    Speth, Daniel orcid-logo
    ;
    Funke, Simon Á.
    While electric vehicles are a promising solution to decarbonize passenger cars, the decarbonisation pathway for heavy road transport remains vague. Among other solutions, such as overhead lines or hydrogen, also battery swap systems might be interesting for use cases in the heavy road transport with only short idling periods that do not allow for a battery charge. Here, we techno-economically compare battery swap and electric road systems for a specific use case along the route Berlin-Peine, Germany. From a TCO-perspective both alternatives, battery swap stations and overhead catenary vehicles, seem to be an option to electrify heavy-duty road transport. While catenary vehicles can be cheaper in the long term, battery swap stations are built up comparatively easily with less financial risk.