Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Informationstechnik FIT

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  • Publication
    Extending the Automation Pyramid for Industrial Demand Response
    ( 2019)
    Körner, Marc-Fabian
    ;
    Bauer, Dennis
    ;
    Keller, Robert
    ;
    Rösch, Martin
    ;
    Schlereth, Andreas
    ;
    Simon, Peter
    ;
    Bauernhansl, Thomas
    ;
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Reinhart, Gunther
    Industrial demand response uses a multitude of energy flexibility measures. Their planning and control requires various production IT systems. A widely accepted approach to classify these inhouse IT systems are the levels of the automation pyramid in companies. This paper broadens the scope of this concept to overcome the limitation to companies' (virtual) borders by including required IT systems that refine and monetarize a company's energy flexibility, e.g. energy markets, aggregators, etc. Therefore, a holistic approach for the classification of functionalities for industrial demand response across companies and energy markets is developed and applied exemplarily.
  • Publication
    A Generic Data Model for Describing Flexibility in Power Markets
    ( 2019)
    Schott, Paul
    ;
    Sedlmeir, Johannes
    ;
    Strobel, Nina
    ;
    Weber, Thomas
    ;
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Abele, Eberhard
    In this article, we present a new descriptive model for industrial flexibility with respect to power consumption. The advancing digitization in the energy sector opens up new possibilities for utilizing and automatizing the marketing of flexibility potentials and therefore facilitates a more advanced energy management. This requires a standardized description and modeling of power-related flexibility. The data model in this work has been developed in close collaboration with several partners from different industries in the context of a major German research project. A suitable set of key figures allows for also describing complex production processes that exhibit interdependencies and storage-like properties. The data model can be applied to other areas as well, e.g., power plants, plug-in electric vehicles, or power-related flexibility of households.
  • Publication
    Supporting communication and cooperation in the asylum procedure with Blockchain technology - A proof of concept by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees
    (BAMF, 2019)
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Guggenmos, Florian
    ;
    Lockl, Jannick
    ;
    Rieger, Alexander
    ;
    Urbach, N.
    The proof of concept showed that the use of Blockchain technology could support cross-organisational communication and cooperation in the asylum procedure. In addition, Blockchain could provide an important foundation for the establishment of digital identities and allow an asylum seeker's procedure to be tracked based on this identity. Admittedly, not all applicable data protection regulations were fully implemented in the proof of concept. However, the findings gained as part of the project provide a promising basis for the development of a Blockchain-based solution for the asylum procedure that complies with data protection requirements. Moreover, the developed concept could scale beyond Germany's borders. Blockchain-based, transnational management of asylum procedures could therefore become a joint project of the European member states to strengthen cooperation while safeguarding federal structures. This means that Blockchain technology could be the start of digital federalism in Europe (including the asylum procedure).
  • Publication
    Harnessing the Full Potential of Industrial Demand-Side Flexibility: An End-to-End Approach Connecting Machines with Markets through Service-Oriented IT Platforms
    ( 2019)
    Rösch, Martin
    ;
    Bauer, Dennis
    ;
    Haupt, Leon
    ;
    Keller, Robert
    ;
    Bauernhansl, Thomas
    ;
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Reinhart, Gunther
    ;
    Sauer, Alexander
    The growing share of renewable energy generation based on fluctuating wind and solar energy sources is increasingly challenging in terms of power grid stability. Industrial demand-side response presents a promising way to balance energy supply and consumption. For this, energy demand is flexibly adapted based on external incentives. Thus, companies can economically benefit and at the same time contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are currently some major obstacles that impede industrial companies from taking part in the energy markets. A broad specification analysis systematically dismantles the existing barriers. On this foundation, a new end-to-end ecosystem of an energy synchronization platform is introduced. It consists of a business-individual company-side platform, where suitable services for energy-oriented manufacturing are offered. In addition, one market-side platform is established as a mediating service broker, which connects the companies to, e.g., third party service providers, energy suppliers, aggregators, and energy markets. The ecosystems aim at preventing vendor lock-in and providing a flexible solution, relying on open standards and offering an integrated solution through an end-to-end energy flexibility data model. In this article, the resulting functionalities are discussed and the remaining deficits outlined.
  • Publication
    Building a Blockchain Application that Complies with the EU General Data Protection Regulation
    ( 2019)
    Rieger, Alexander
    ;
    Guggenmos, Florian
    ;
    Lockl, Jannik
    ;
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    Complying with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) poses significant challenges for blockchain projects, including establishing clear responsibilities for compliance, securing lawful bases for processing personal data, and observing rights to rectification and erasure. We describe how Germanys Federal Office for Migration and Refugees addressed these challenges and created a GDPR-compliant blockchain solution for cross-organizational workflow coordination. Based on the lessons learned, we provide three recommendations for ensuring blockchain solutions are GDPR-compliant.
  • Publication
    (How) Can Blockchain Contribute to the Management of Systemic Risks in Global Supply Networks?
    ( 2019)
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Körner, Marc-Fabian
    ;
    Sedlmeir, Johannes
    ;
    Weibelzahl, Martin
    Even though globalization has led to larger, faster, and more efficient supply chains, at the same time the new worldwide interconnection has also resulted in major challenges with respect to hidden systemic risks. In particular, there is a lack of a holistic perspective on the entire supply network. This missing global view prohibits the anamnesis and management of underlying risks. Against this backdrop, in this paper we discuss the potential contributions of Blockchain technology to systemic risk management in global supply chains and networks. Given the increasing number of recent initiatives of businesses in the context of Blockchain, we argue that Blockchain technology can lower the hurdle for the use of secure multiparty computation. Ultimately, it may be possible to implement a corresponding monitoring mechanism for systemic risks without (i) the need of a central authority and (ii) revealing competition relevant, confidential information to other supply network participants.
  • Publication
    Batterien als Schlüsseltechnologie
    ( 2019)
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Haupt, Leon
  • Publication
    Ausgangsbedingungen für die Vermarktung von Nachfrageflexibilität: Status-Quo-Analyse und Metastudie. 2. Fassung
    (Universität Bayreuth, 2019)
    Buhl, Hans Ulrich
    ;
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Körner, Marc-Fabian
    ;
    Michaelis, Anne
    ;
    Rägo, Vadim
    ;
    Schöpf, Michael
    ;
    Schott, Paul
    ;
    Sitzmann, Amelie
    Die vorliegende Arbeit ist Teil des durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderten Forschungsprojektes ""Synchronisierte und energieadaptive Produktionstechnik zur flexiblen Ausrichtung von Industrieprozessen auf eine fluktuierende Energieversorgung (SynErgie)"". Als eines der ""Kopernikus-Projekte für die Energiewende"" hat das Forschungsprojekt SynErgie das Ziel, die energieintensiven Industrien in Deutschland dazu zu befähigen, ihre Stromnachfrage dem zunehmend fluktuierenden Stromangebot anzupassen. In der Vergangenheit waren Stromsysteme in der Regel dahingehend ausgelegt, dass die Erzeugungsseite des Marktes an das zeitliche Verhalten des Verbrauchs angepasst war. Durch den verstärkten Ausbau volatiler erneuerbarer Energien unterliegt die Stromerzeugung jedoch unkontrollierbaren, wetterabhängigen Schwankungen, weshalb eine Flexibilisierung des Gesamtsystems zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt. Weil die Erzeugerseite benötigte Flexibilitäten nur in Form einer Reduzierung der Einspeisung anbieten kann, ergibt sich eine sogenannte Flexibilitätslücke. Wie am 14. Dezember 2018 und am 10. Januar 2019 deutlich wurde, bringt diese Flexibilitätslücke das Stromsystem bereits heute an seine Grenzen der Stabilität. Nur durch den Einsatz vieler Ausgleichsmechanismen bzw. Flexibilisierungsoptionen konnte die Versorgungssicherheit an diesen Tagen gerade noch aufrechterhalten werden. Die in SynErgie betrachteten Industrieprozesse stellen dabei eine Teilmenge potenzieller Flexibilisierungsoptionen dar und können zur Lastanpassung an schwankende Erzeugung sowie zur Bereitstellung von Systemdienstleistungen und Entlastung der Netze beitragen. In einem liberalisierten, wettbewerblichen Strommarkt sind im Hinblick auf die Erschließung der Potenziale der Nachfrageflexibilität die marktlichen und regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen von hoher Relevanz. Diese Studie beschreibt daher zunächst die Grundlagen des Strommarktdesigns und des konstituierenden gesetzlichen Rahmens. Auf aktuelle Diskussionen über das grundlegende Preissystem (Einheitspreissystem vs. zonales System vs. nodales System) wird dabei nicht eingegangen. Die Aufarbeitung dieser Diskussionen sowie die spezifische Analyse der Auswirkungen des Preissystems auf Nachfrageflexibilität ist Inhalt der in SynErgie II anstehenden Arbeitspakete des Clusters IV ""Markt- und Stromsystem"". Die vorliegende Studie arbeitet deshalb vielmehr potenzielle Hemmnisse der Partizipation flexibler Nachfrageprozesse auf und nimmt dabei stets Bezug zur Anwendung auf Industrieprozesse. Die Analyse bildet die Grundlage für die zukünftige Arbeit im Cluster IV und dient der clusterübergreifenden Information über den Status Quo der Marktstrukturen und regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen. Neben der systematischen Aufarbeitung des marktlichen Rahmens werden die wissenschaftliche Literatur sowie bereits publizierte Studien zum Thema Nachfrageflexibilität (Demand Side Management und Demand Response) in einer Metastudie analysiert und zusammengefasst.
  • Publication
    Don't Slip on the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) - A Taxonomy for a Blockchain-enabled Form of Crowdfunding
    ( 2018)
    Fridgen, Gilbert
    ;
    Regner, Ferdinand
    ;
    Schweizer, André
    ;
    Urbach, Nils
    Blockchain is rapidly evolving and there is an increasing interest in the technology in both practice and academia. Recently, a blockchain use case called Initial Coin Offering (ICO) draws a lot of attention. ICO is a novel form of crowdfunding that utilizes blockchain tokens to allow for truly peer-to-peer investments. Although, more than 4.5 billion USD have been invested via ICOs, the phenomenon is poorly understood. Scientific research lacks a structured classification of ICOs to provide further insights into their characteristics. We bridge this gap by developing a taxonomy based on real-world ICO cases, related literature, and expert interviews. Further, we derive and discuss prevailing ICO archetypes. Our findings contribute to theory development in the field of ICOs by enriching the descriptive knowledge, identifying design options, deriving ICO archetypes, and laying the foundation for further research. Additionally, our research pro-vides several benefits for practitioners. Our proposed taxonomy illustrates that there is no one-size-fits-all model of ICOs and might support the decision-making process of start-ups, investors and regulators. The proposed ICO archetypes indicate how common ICOs are designed and thus might serves as best practices. Finally, our analysis indicates that ICOs represent a valid alter-native to traditional crowdfunding approaches.