Fraunhofer-Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung IFU

Filters

23
23
Reset filters

Settings
Now showing 1 - 10 of 23
  • Publication
    Remote sensing of gas emissions on natural gas flares
    ( 1998)
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Wilkinson, R.
    ;
    Heland, J.
    ;
    Schäfer, K.
    Emissions from operational natural gas flares are examined by a remote sensing technique using a commercial high-resolution Fourier-Transform-Infrared Spectrometer. The thermal radiation emitted by the post-combustion gas is analyzed to determine plume temperatures and concentrations of CH4, CO2, CO, NO, and H2O. The Multi-component Air Pollution Software MAPS is applied which is based on radiative transfer line-by-line calculations and least-square fit procedures. Emission rates and combustion efficiencies are calculated which indicate that the environmental impact of methane emissions from natural gas flares is small.
  • Publication
  • Publication
    Characterization of gaseous emission sources by FT-IR emission spectrometry
    ( 1997)
    Schäfer, K.
    ;
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Heland, J.
    FT-IR emission spectrometry is used to detect the thermal radiation of warm exhausts, yielding in one measurement all information about the compounds present. Software units for the spectra retrieval has been developed, based on radiative transfer line-by-line calculations, a multi-layer plume model, and least-squares fit procedures. Measurements were performed with the mobile commercial K300 spectrometer (MCT- or InSb-detector). Temperature and concentrations of CO, CO2, N2O, NO, HCI, SO2 and H2O in smoke stack plumes from thermal power plants and municipal incinerators, of CO2, H2O, CO and CH4 from flares, and of CO, CO2, NO and H2O in exhausts of aircraft engines were determined.
  • Publication
    Fernmeßverfahren mit FTIR-Spektrometrie und Laser Doppler. Messung von Abgasen des Heizkraftwerks München-Nord
    ( 1996)
    Werner, C.
    ;
    Köpp, F.
    ;
    Klier, M.
    ;
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Bautzer, W.
    ;
    Schäfer, K.
    The combination of remote sensing methods like Doppler lidar and FTIR allows remote determination of mass fluxes of gases. Doppler lidar measures the three-dimensional wind vector in the vicinity of diffuse sources, or the velocity of air in a chimney plume if an industrial complex is monitored. FTIR is a multicomponent remote sensing method for gas concentrations. The Fourier transformation of an interferogram of a Michelson interferometer within a FTIR system converts the recorded intensity (function of optical path length) to a spectral signal (function of wavenumber). Both information, velocity and concentration, give the mass fluxes of the tracer (gas). A first test was performed at Munich-Nord power station with FTIR and cw-Doppler lidar. Fluxes Of CO2, CO, NO, and HCl were determined. The results are in good agreement with the fluxes measured by in situ instruments of the power station. The method can be used to control industrial complexes from an outside observation site.
  • Publication
    Measurements of atmospheric trace gases by emissions and absorption spectroscopy with FTIR
    ( 1995)
    Schäfer, K.
    ;
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Heland, J.
    ;
    Haak, A.
    To interpret infrared spectra of atmospheric measurements, a multi-component air pollution software (MAPS) was developed for retrieval of gas concentrations from radiation emission as well as absorption measurements. The analysis of gas releases and ambient air is performed by a mobile remote sensing system with the double-pendulum interferometer K300 of the company Kayser-Threde which has a spectral range from 700 to 7800 cm(-1) and a spectral resolution of 0.08 cm(-1) maximum. These are passive radiation measurements to retrieve temperature and gas concentrations as CO, CO2, N2O, NO, SO2, HCl, and H2O concentrations in smoke stack effluents of thermal power plants and municipal incinerators, CO2, H2O, and CH4 from flares, and CO, CO2, NO and H2O in exhausts of aircraft engines. Open-path radiation measurements are used to determine trace gases in ambient air and near diffusive sources as NH3 from stocking-farming and cattle slurry spreaded grasslands, creenhouse gases, NOx and HCHO f rom road traffic, CH4 from garbage deposits and open-cast lignite mining, arid to estimate VOC concentrations in a waste combustion plant. Solar absorption measurements at the IFU station on the summit of Zugspitze were outlined to determine atmospheric column densities of trace gases as HNO3.
  • Publication
    Venus mesosphere radiative transfer simulations on the basis of Venera-15 FTIR-experiment
    ( 1995)
    Schäfer, K.
    ;
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Goering, H.
    ;
    Dubois, R.
    A Fourier-Transform-Infrared-Spectrometer worked on board of Venera-15 in 1983. 1500 spectra of the outgoing radiation of Venus atmosphere were measured with a spectral resolution of 5 cm(-1) in e spectral range from 250 to 1600 cm(-1). On this basis a zonal averaged temperature field of northern hemisphere in the altitude range from 60 to 95 km has been retrieved. With these data the radiative transfer including multiple scattering of solar and thermal radiation was simulated. The most intensive heating is in the upper cloud layer in equatorial latitudes. The detailed investigation of radiation transfer in Venus clouds gives more understanding for the great relevance of clouds in energetic balance.
  • Publication
    Remote sensing of mass fluxes of trace gases in the boundary layer
    ( 1995)
    Werner, C.
    ;
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Köpp, F.
    ;
    Schäfer, K.
    The combination of remote sensing methods like Doppler lidar and FTIR offers the possibility to determine mass fluxes of gases remotely. Doppler lidar measures the three-dimensional wind vector in the vicinity of diffuse sources or the velocity of air in a chimney plume if an industrial complex is monitored. FTIR is a multicomponent remote sensing method for gas concentrations. The Fourier transformation of an interferogram of a Michelson interferometer within a FTIR system converts the recorded intensity (function of optical path length) to a spectral signal (function of wavenumber). Both information, velocity and concentration, give the mass fluxes of the tracer (gas). A first test was performed at Munich-North power station with FTIR and cw-Doppler lidar. Fluxes Of CO2, CO, NO, and HCl were determined. The results are in good agreement with the fluxes measured by in-situ instruments of the power station. The method can be used to control industrial complexes from an outside observat ion site.
  • Publication
    Mobile Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy monitoring of air pollution
    ( 1994)
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Schäfer, K.
    ;
    Bautzer, W.
    ;
    Mosebach, H.
    ;
    Bittner, H.
    ;
    Eisenmann, T.
    Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is an efficient technique for the detection and quantification of molecules in gas mixtures. Measurement results from a mobile laboratory for ambient air analysis and for remote sensing of plume emission with the commercially available K300 spectrometer are reported. CO, CO2, NO, NO2, N2O, NH3, CH4, SO2, H2O, HCl, and HCHO concentrations have been determined with good agreement with in situ results. The on-line multicomponent analysis software is based on line-by-line retrieval and least-squares fitting procedures, including the effects of multiple aerosol scattering and cloud and rain influences.
  • Publication
    MEISTER: Ein mobiles optisches Fernmeßsystem zur quantitativen Multikomponentenanalyse gasförmiger Spurenstoffe in der Atmosphäre
    ( 1994)
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Schäfer, K.
    ;
    Mosebach, H.
    A mobile remote sensing system is presented for measuring the concentration of gaseous pollutants in ambient air and in directed effluent streams. MEISTER is based on Fourier-Transform-Infrared-Spectroscopy (FTIS), which is predestinated for a simultaneous analysis of a large number of atmospheric gases. The Kayser-Threde Double-Pendulum interferometer K300 and the Multicomponent Air Pollution Software (MAPS) of the Fraunhofer Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, which is based on radiative transfer modeling and least square fit procedures, enable a concentration determination under almost all meteorological conditions. CO, CO2, NO, N2O, CH4, H2O and HCl concentrations have been determined in good agreement with results from conventional in situ sensors. NO2, SO2, NH3, HCHO and hydrocarbons have been successfully detected provided their concentrations were high enough.
  • Publication
    Inspection of non-CO2 greenhouse gases from emission sources and in ambient air by Fourier-Transform-Infrared-Spectrometry. Measurements with FTIS-maps
    ( 1994)
    Schäfer, K.
    ;
    Haus, R.
    ;
    Heland, J.
    Infrared spectrometry is a versatile basis to analyse greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A multicomponent air pollution software (MAPS) was developed for retrieval of gas concentrations from radiation emission as well as absorption measurements. Concentrations of CO, CH4, N2O, and H2O as well as CO2, NO, NO2, NH3, SO2, HCl, HCHO, and the temperature of warm gases are determined on-line. The analyses of greenhouse gases in gaseous emission sources and in ambient air are performed by a mobile remote sensing system using the double-pendulum interferometer K300 of the Munich company Kayser-Threde. Passive radiation measurements are performed to retrieve CO, N2O, and H2O as well as CO2, NO, SO2, and HCl concentrations in smoke stack effluents of thermal power plants and municipal incinerators and CO and H20 as well as CO2. and NO in exhausts of aircraft engines. Open-path radiation measurements are used to determine greenhouse gas concentrations at different ambient air conditions and gree nhouse gas emission rates of diffusive sources as garbage deposits, open coal mining, stock farming together with additional compounds (e.g. NH3), and from road traffic together with HCHO. Some results of measurements are shown. A future task is the verification of emission cadastres by these inspection measurements.