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Fraunhofer-Institut für Optronik, Systemtechnik und Bildauswertung IOSB
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PublicationMicrogrid Systems: Towards a Technical Performance Assessment Frame( 2021)
;Marchand, SophieKrauß, ChristophA microgrid is an independent power system that can be connected to the grid or operated in an islanded mode. This single grid entity is widely used for furthering access to energy and ensuring reliable energy supply. However, if islanded, microgrids do not benefit from the high inertia of the main grid and can be subject to high variations in terms of voltage and frequency, which challenge their stability. In addition, operability and interoperability requirements, standards as well as directives have addressed main concerns regarding a microgrid's reliability, use of distributed local resources and cybersecurity. Nevertheless, microgrid systems are quickly evolving through digitalization and have a large range of applications. Thus, a consensus over their testing must be further developed with the current technological development. Here, we describe existing technical requirements and assessment criteria for a microgrid's main functionalities to foster harmonization of functionality-level testing and an international conception of system-level one. This framework is proposed as a reference document for assessment frame development serving both microgrid research and implementation for a comprehensive understanding of technical microgrid performance and its current assessment challenges, such as lack of standardization and evolving technology. -
PublicationCleaning strategies and cost modelling of experimental membrane-based desalination plants( 2021)In Project WASTEC, an experimental Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination system was developed. It serves as a platform for testing new technologies. For this system, we solved two problems, which are described in this paper. Firstly, we developed and investigated strategies for scheduling chemical enhanced backwashing and chemical cleaning and secondly, due to the experimental nature of the project, several new technological developments with respect to materials and methods were integrated into the system and requires tools for evaluating the economic viability of the new technologies. In this task, the economics of membrane-based desalination will be investigated. Baseline systems of reverse osmosis and pretreatment systems (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) will be economically examined and compared for their investments and operational costs. Sensitivity of the different plant and membrane parameters to the cost will be studied. Results show that with respect to costs, for a 200m3/hr design capacity plant, a volume of water is produced by a MF process at a cost of $0.494 and at a cost of $0.486 by an ultrafiltration process microfiltration. The reverse osmosis process cannot be compared directly, but it required $ 0.49 / m3 for a plant with 56 m3/hour design capacity. The values are in line with the costs reported in literature for membrane-based filtration.
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PublicationTesting Automated Operation and Control Algorithms for Distribution Grids Using a Co-Simulation Environment( 2021)
;Schoen, Andrea ;Wille-Haussmann, Bernhard ;Marchand, SophieThis publication presents a co-simulation framework that enables the coupling of various simulation components of energy systems that are not only modeled at three geographically distributed Fraunhofer Institutes, but are also vastly different in terms of their functionality, control algorithms, time resolution, speeds and used tools. This framework facilitates their joint usage despite these differences especially with regard to their time resolutions (real-time combined with non-real-time systems) and is applied in the DistributedGridLab of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Integrated Energy Systems (CINES) [1]. The DistributedGridLab thus allows users - e.g. grid operators, manufacturers and research institutes - to test their solutions before field deployment with special consideration of their interaction with other solutions at different remote testing facilities, and without the need to use the same software and hardware setups. A demonstrator of the DistributedGridLab is introduced where an electric energy system is modeled, which contains a medium voltage grid with three connected low voltage grids. The different control approaches interact to stabilize the entire system without a centrally controlled simulation of the systems. -
PublicationAuswirkungen der Coronapandemie auf die Entwicklung von Kommunen und Landkreisen in Deutschland(Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, 2021)
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PublicationFraunhofer topics of the future "SUPERGRID". Supergrid - Approach for the integration of renewable energy in Europe and North Africa(Fraunhofer ISE, 2016)
;Vogel, Axel ;Pfeiffer, Wulf ;Tham, Nils ;Bohn, Sven ;Agsten, Michael -
PublicationOpportunities and challenges of high renewable energy deployment and electricity exchange for North Africa and Europe - scenarios for power sector and transmission infrastructure in 2030 and 2050( 2016)
;Bohn, Sven ;Agsten, Michael ;Bretschneider, Peter ;Snigovyi, OleksandrWestermann, DirkClimate change and limited availability of fossil fuel reserves stress both the importance of deploying renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation and the need for a stronger integration of regional electricity markets. This analysis focuses on North African (NA) countries, which possess vast resources of renewable energy but whose electricity supply is still largely dependent on fossil fuels. An analysis of cost-optimized deployment scenarios for RES is conducted in five NA countries in 2030 and 2050. Three electricity models are combined to derive results covering trans-regional to sub-national level, including a detailed analysis of grid capacities and future transmission challenges. Further, opportunities for integration of European and NA electricity markets are evaluated. Results confirm that, by 2050, high RES shares - close to 100% - are possible in NA. Wind energy is the dominant technology. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants also play an important role with rising RES shares due to the possibility to store thermal energy. Electricity exports to Europe gain particular importance in the period after 2030. Substantial transmission grid reinforcements on AC-level and the construction of a high voltage DC overlay grid are prerequisites for the forecasted scenarios. -
PublicationFraunhofer Zukunftsthemen "SUPERGRID". Supergrid - Ansatz für die Integration von Erneuerbaren Energien in Europa und Nordafrika(Fraunhofer ISE, 2016)
;Vogel, Axel ;Pfeiffer, Wulf ;Tham, Nils ;Bohn, Sven ;Agsten, Michael -
PublicationAusbaustrategien für erneuerbare Energien in Nordafrika(Fraunhofer ISI, 2013)Mende, Florian
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Publication"SuperGrid" - Das europäisch-nordafrikanische HGÜ-Overlay-Netz der Zukunft( 2013)
;Bohn, Sven ;Agsten, MichaelWestermann, DirkDie Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien (EE) wie Sonne, Wind und Wasser ist ein weltweit wachsender Zukunftsmarkt. Sie dient dem Klimaschutz und kann dem Schwinden fossiler Ressourcen entgegenwirken. Dem gegenüber stellt die zunehmende Einspeisung EE jedoch hohe Anforderungen an den Transport und die Verteilung des Stromes durch die Volatilität der EE. Einspeisung, Transport und Verteilung des Stromes gewinnen somit immer mehr an Bedeutung und erfordern einen Ausbau der Stromnetze. Darüber hinaus kommt künftig den Regionen mit einer hohen Verfügbarkeit an EE eine große Rolle zu. Im Rahmen verschiedener Projekte wird evaluiert inwiefern erzeugter Strom aus EE aus z. B. den Regionen Nordafrikas (NA) in die Wirtschaftszentren Süd- und Mitteleuropas transportiert werden kann. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung werden die Ergebnisse einer Studie zur Entwicklung des nordafrikanisch-europäischen Stromaustauschs dargestellt. Dabei werden mögliche Entwicklungen für die Stromerzeugung in NA und dem -export nach Europa ermittelt, gegenwärtige Gegebenheiten der Übertragungsnetze analysiert und die Notwendigkeit, Struktur und Art eines überlagernden Netzes bewertet. Angesichts der großen zu übertragenden Leistungen und zu überwindenden Distanzen, sowie anderer technischer Rahmenbedingungen, kommt nach heutigem Stand der Technik lediglich eine Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Übertragung (HGÜ) in Betracht. Auf Grund der erzielten Ergebnisse zum Elektrizitätstransport wird das dafür benötigte HGÜ-Netz vorgestellt und die Ausprägung der Stromerzeugung und Netzinfrastruktur in NA detailliert.