Fraunhofer-Institut für Optronik, Systemtechnik und Bildauswertung IOSB

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  • Publication
    Opportunities and challenges of high renewable energy deployment and electricity exchange for North Africa and Europe - scenarios for power sector and transmission infrastructure in 2030 and 2050
    ( 2016)
    Boie, Inga
    ;
    Kost, Christoph
    ;
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Agsten, Michael
    ;
    Bretschneider, Peter
    ;
    Snigovyi, Oleksandr
    ;
    Pudlik, Martin
    ;
    Ragwitz, Mario
    ;
    Schlegl, Thomas
    ;
    Westermann, Dirk
    Climate change and limited availability of fossil fuel reserves stress both the importance of deploying renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation and the need for a stronger integration of regional electricity markets. This analysis focuses on North African (NA) countries, which possess vast resources of renewable energy but whose electricity supply is still largely dependent on fossil fuels. An analysis of cost-optimized deployment scenarios for RES is conducted in five NA countries in 2030 and 2050. Three electricity models are combined to derive results covering trans-regional to sub-national level, including a detailed analysis of grid capacities and future transmission challenges. Further, opportunities for integration of European and NA electricity markets are evaluated. Results confirm that, by 2050, high RES shares - close to 100% - are possible in NA. Wind energy is the dominant technology. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants also play an important role with rising RES shares due to the possibility to store thermal energy. Electricity exports to Europe gain particular importance in the period after 2030. Substantial transmission grid reinforcements on AC-level and the construction of a high voltage DC overlay grid are prerequisites for the forecasted scenarios.
  • Publication
    A comparative analysis of PEV charging impacts - an international perspective
    (SAE, 2015)
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Agsten, Michael
    ;
    Dubey, Anamika
    ;
    Santoso, Surya
    Supported by generous federal incentives and customer acceptance, the number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is increasing worldwide. A PEV can be charged both at a residential or a commercial facility by connecting it to the power grid using a charging equipment. The power demand for a single PEV charging may exceed the peak power demand of an ordinary household. Hence, an increasing number of PEVs can potentially impact the power grid massively. This paper aims to quantify the impacts of an increasing number of PEVs on power distribution circuits. A comparative analysis of the PEV impacts on the North American and European distribution circuits are presented. The study also identifies the indicators representative for quantifying the grid impacts of PEV charging. The paper further intents to clarify the interface between OEMs and utilities in achieving the common goal of a successful PEV charging and therefore a faster customer acceptance. Conclusions and recommendations are presented for both instances to better understand the interface between PEV and power system.
  • Publication
    MC-based risk analysis on the capacity of distribution grids to charge PEVs on 3-ph 0.4-kV distribution grids considering time and location uncertainties
    ( 2015)
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Feustel, Robert
    ;
    Agsten, Michael
    The increasing number of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) impacts the power grid due to their high demand in power and energy, and uncertainties in the charging behavior. Typical PEVs are charged single-phase up to 32 A (7.2-kVA) or tri-phase up to 32 A (22.0-kVA). Both charging technologies have to be discussed in order to determine their impact on planning and operating of low-voltage distribution grids to assure a reliable and stable PEV charging. Traditional grid planning and analysis methods, which average and evenly distribute PEV loads on the distribution grid, fail in providing a realistic answer about the grid capacity to charge PEVs. The question; How many PEVs can be charged simultaneously on a distribution grid remains unanswered. Therefore, this paper describes a novel metho dology to realistically evaluate the grid capacity for PEV charging on 3-phase 0.4-kV distribution grids. The proposed methodology is a modified Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique, which analyzes grid capacity with respect to charging location, technical distribution grid limitations, and PEV charging techniques. The MC technique is numerically optimized to analyze large distribution grids and scaled up PEV charging. Results will be compared to traditional analysis techniques.
  • Publication
    Situation responsive networking of mobile robots for disaster management
    ( 2014)
    Kuntze, Helge-Björn
    ;
    Frey, Christian W.
    ;
    Emter, Thomas
    ;
    Petereit, Janko
    ;
    Tchouchenkov, Igor
    ;
    Müller, Thomas
    ;
    Tittel, Martin
    ;
    Worst, Rainer
    ;
    Pfeiffer, Kai
    ;
    Walter, Moriz
    ;
    Rademacher, Sven
    ;
    Müller, Fabian
    If a natural disaster like an earthquake or an accident in a chemical or nuclear plant hits a populated area, rescue teams have to get a quick overview of the situation in order to identify possible locations of victims, which need to be rescued, and dangerous locations, hich need to be secured. Rescue forces must operate quickly in order to save lives, and they often need to operate in dangerous enviroments. Hence, robot-supported systems are increasingly used to support and accelerate search operations. The objective of the SENEKA concept is the situation responsive networking of various robots and sensor systems used by first responders in order to make the search for victims and survivors more quick and efficient. SENEKA targets the integration of the robot-sensor network into the operation procedures of the rescue teams. The aim of this paper is to inform on the objectives and first research results of the ongoing joint research project SENEKA.
  • Publication
    The operation of a meshed HVDC grid - a model-based analysis of a supergrid
    ( 2014)
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Kayser, Johannes
    ;
    Fetisova, Maria
    ;
    Agsten, Michael
    ;
    Marten, Anne-Katrin
    ;
    Westermann, Dirk
    High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is discussed when it comes to transmitting bulk power over long distances, as it appears in scenarios where power is generated from renewable energy in remote and rural areas and transmitted to load and industrial centers. On the other hand, HVDC grids are limited to point-to-point and multi-terminal grids, with only a few terminals, and mainly static power flows today. Although many studies propose meshed HVDC grids with many terminals, such grids do not exist today and require new operation and control strategies for transmitting (volatile) power, compared to todays voltage margin and voltage droop control in use. In this paper, based on previous work, a meshed pan-European-North African HVDC grid and novel HVDC voltage control is introduced and applied to each other, and evaluated for a secure and reliable wide-area power transmission of volatile power in an interconnected system.
  • Publication
    A detailed North African HVDC grid for a pan-European-North African electricity exchange
    ( 2013)
    Kusmiyarso, Sidik Kusmiyarso
    ;
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Boie, Inga
    Renewable energy (RE) has been chosen as an alternative to reduce fossil fuel and eliminate generation by nuclear power. The North African (NA) region has a vast potential for RE sources. The RE potential even exceeds the local demand, thus it has the potential to be exported to the Europe Union (EU). However, implementing such a pan-European-North African electricity exchange implies substantial challenges for the transmission grid infrastructure. An HVDC grid is chosen as the best alternative to transmit a huge amount of electricity over long distances. A detailed model is required to understand the HVDC grid behavior. Therefore, this paper presents the model of an HVDC grid for electricity exchange between NA and the EU. The paper defines the number of interconnectors, location of converter stations and transmission lines for the time horizon 2050.
  • Publication
    Integrating a Pan-European HVDC Grid into the North African AC Transmission System
    ( 2013)
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Agsten, Michael
    ;
    Boie, Inga
    Establishing an overlay grid in Europe and expanding it to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has high potentials to support the pan-European and MENA energy exchange. Scenario-based modeling has proven that a meshed HVDC grid is able to transmit large volumes of renewable energy generated offshore or in deserts and arid regions over long distances to the industrial zones and load centers. Based on scenarios for energy generation and exchange in MENA this paper gives an outlook on the integration of the pan-European HVDC grid with MENA to support both local energy supply and export to Europe.
  • Publication
    An ICT architecture for managed charging of electric vehicles in smart grid environments
    ( 2013)
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Agsten, Michael
    ;
    Waldhorst, Oliver
    ;
    Mitschele-Thiel, Andreas
    ;
    Westermann, Dirk
    ;
    Bretschneider, Peter
    Growing shortage of fossil resources and an increasing demand of individual mobility worldwide require technology alternatives to existing mobility solutions. Electric vehicles (EVs) as one possible solution have moved into the focus of research and development. To maximize the positive environmental effect of EVs, it is proposed to charge them with respect to the availability of renewable energies. As the number of EVs will grow in the near future, their impact on the power distribution grid is no longer neglect table. Related research shows that unmanaged charging of EVs could result in overload situations or voltage instabilities. To overcome this, methods are proposed to manage the charging process holistically. Herein EVs become substantial elements of intelligent power grids (Smart Grids). As of today, research in the area of Smart Grids focuses mainly on either energy aspects or communication aspects while neglecting the interoperability of energy and communication related aspects. In this paper, an insight into Information and Communication Technology (ICT) aspects with respect to Managed Charging of EVs in Smart Grid environments will be given. Based on the use case of Managed Charging, requirements will be analyzed, results will be derived, and ICT solutions will be proposed with a set of recommendations for Smart Grid architectures.
  • Publication
    "SuperGrid" - Das europäisch-nordafrikanische HGÜ-Overlay-Netz der Zukunft
    ( 2013)
    Bohn, Sven
    ;
    Boie, Inga
    ;
    Kost, Christoph
    ;
    Agsten, Michael
    ;
    Westermann, Dirk
    Die Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien (EE) wie Sonne, Wind und Wasser ist ein weltweit wachsender Zukunftsmarkt. Sie dient dem Klimaschutz und kann dem Schwinden fossiler Ressourcen entgegenwirken. Dem gegenüber stellt die zunehmende Einspeisung EE jedoch hohe Anforderungen an den Transport und die Verteilung des Stromes durch die Volatilität der EE. Einspeisung, Transport und Verteilung des Stromes gewinnen somit immer mehr an Bedeutung und erfordern einen Ausbau der Stromnetze. Darüber hinaus kommt künftig den Regionen mit einer hohen Verfügbarkeit an EE eine große Rolle zu. Im Rahmen verschiedener Projekte wird evaluiert inwiefern erzeugter Strom aus EE aus z. B. den Regionen Nordafrikas (NA) in die Wirtschaftszentren Süd- und Mitteleuropas transportiert werden kann. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung werden die Ergebnisse einer Studie zur Entwicklung des nordafrikanisch-europäischen Stromaustauschs dargestellt. Dabei werden mögliche Entwicklungen für die Stromerzeugung in NA und dem -export nach Europa ermittelt, gegenwärtige Gegebenheiten der Übertragungsnetze analysiert und die Notwendigkeit, Struktur und Art eines überlagernden Netzes bewertet. Angesichts der großen zu übertragenden Leistungen und zu überwindenden Distanzen, sowie anderer technischer Rahmenbedingungen, kommt nach heutigem Stand der Technik lediglich eine Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Übertragung (HGÜ) in Betracht. Auf Grund der erzielten Ergebnisse zum Elektrizitätstransport wird das dafür benötigte HGÜ-Netz vorgestellt und die Ausprägung der Stromerzeugung und Netzinfrastruktur in NA detailliert.