Fraunhofer-Institut für Optronik, Systemtechnik und Bildauswertung IOSB

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  • Publication
    Automated Root Cause Analysis in Time-Sensitive Networks Based on Fault Models
    ( 2023)
    Ferfers, Tobias
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    Time-Sensitive networking plays a major role in the convergence of IT and OT in the use cases of Industry 4.0. The available mechanisms of TSN, such as Frame Preemption (IEEE 802.1Q), Time Synchronization (IEEE 802.1AS), and Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic (IEEE 802.1Q), make devices and networks more complex when they first start up, run, or fail. Fault detection and diagnosis require experience and expert knowledge to find the root cause of faults and troubleshoot them. However, unlike other communication technologies, there is no information about possible faults or errors, how to recognize errors, or how to handle errors in time-sensitive mechanisms. Therefore, a fully automated approach to identifying the underlying cause of a malfunction is required to aid network administrators in the event of a malfunction, thereby minimizing downtime. How can an automated root cause analysis system in time-sensitive networking be realized, and how can faulty configuration of scheduled traffic be automatically detected? This work describes a concept for automated root cause analysis in time-sensitive networks based on fault models (SARCAI-TSN), and investigates the possible symptoms of faulty Frame Preemption and Scheduled Traffic configuration with a test setup. Furthermore, it presents a scheduled traffic anomaly detection algorithm for the detection of faulty scheduled traffic configurations. This research provides assistance to both vendors and users in fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) in Time-Sensitive Networking.
  • Publication
    Investigation in automatic fault detection for scheduled traffic and frame preemption in time-sensitive networks
    ( 2023)
    Ferfers, Tobias
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    A thorough network diagnosis is essential to cutting down the cost of network downtime in heterogeneous, time-sensitive Ethernet networks. It appears that many Time-Sensitive Networking mechanisms do not provide sufficient information about possible error sources, error recognition, or error causes. This paper examines possible symptoms and error sources of Frame Preemption and how to detect them automatically. Moreover, it examines the limitations and functionality of the Scheduled Traffic Anomaly Detection algorithm (STADA) by utilizing a test network. This research provides assistance to manufacturers of industrial automation devices, experts, and network administrators in performing FDD and root-cause analysis for Scheduled Traffic and Frame Preemption faults in Time-Sensitive networks.
  • Publication
    Outdoor Field Test of 5G-based V2X Communication for Real-Time Monitoring and Remote Control of a Monorail Vehicle
    ( 2023)
    Gustin, Denis
    ;
    Siekmann, Timo
    ;
    Kroll, Björn
    ;
    Kleen, Philip
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    Smart cities will be significantly shaped by their modes of mobility. For the blend of public and individual transport, smart mobility will introduce autonomous vehicles on a large scale, which often heavily rely on communication. As the capabilities of autonomous vehicles are still limited nowadays, driver-less vehicles have to be able to be remotely monitored and controlled in real-time. This creates high performance demands for the vehicle’s communication link, especially regarding latency and uplink, which can easily exceed the limits of communication standards like Long Term Evolution (LTE). Therefore, the development of the communication system for the newly developed autonomous monorail vehicle MONOCAB aims towards the use of the 5G standard. This paper presents experiences and measurements from a first outdoor field test conducted in the context of monitoring and remotely controlling the MONOCAB via 5G. Previously, all communication services were subjected to ITU-T Y.1564 compliant tests for the network planning and the deployment of a 5G Non-Public Network (NPN). This deployed 5G NPN was then used to test remote monitoring the MONOCAB, at it’s first public presentation on the 3rd of October 2022, by transmitting video streams and telemetry data from the vehicle to a central control station. Additionally, a glass-to-glass latency measurement of a video stream transmitted via 5G was conducted, to point out the latency impact of 5G.
  • Publication
    Modelbasierte Fehlerursachenanalyse in zeitsensitiven Ethernet-Netzwerken
    ( 2022)
    Ferfers, Tobias
    ;
    Biendarra, Alexander
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    Fehlerursachenanalysen in vernetzten Systemen sind häufig komplex und aufwendig. Zeitsensitive Ethernet-Systeme wie Time Sensitive Networks nutzen Mechanismen wie Zeitsynchronisation, Frame-Preemption und Time Aware Shaper, die in einem komplexen Zusammenspiel für Echtzeitfähigkeit sorgen. In diesem Bereich sind Fehlerursachenanalysen besonders komplex, da spezielles Expertenwissen und spezielle Messtechnik notwendig sind. Modelbasierte Fehlerursachenanalysen können hier in Zukunft als automatisches Diagnoseassistenzsystem Unterstützung leisten. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Ermittlung von Fehlermodellen, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen messbaren Symptomen und möglichen Fehlerursachen in zeitsensitiven Systemen herstellen. Die entwickelten Fehlermodelle wurden in einem prototypischen Ethernet TSN-Netzwerk mit Messtechnik validiert.
  • Publication
    Configuration Solution for SDN-Based Networks Interacting with Industrial Applications
    ( 2022)
    Kobzan, Thomas
    ;
    Blöcher, Immanuel
    ;
    Hendel, Maximilian
    ;
    Althoff, Simon
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    Versatile production systems are a main concept of Industrie 4.0. In order to achieve the needed flexibility and changeability of those systems, the industrial network has to become more adaptable as well. The density of the interconnection between industrial applications increases as well as the interconnection of the industrial network management and these applications. In order to configure the industrial network appropriately, a network management has to be able to identify the requirements of the industrial applications regarding their needed network services and the quality of service. Furthermore, it can be enabled to find alternative configurations, if certain requirements cannot be met, even if it has to influence the industrial process itself.This paper presents a solution that uses Software-defined Networking (SDN) and OPC UA in combination and achieves a higher amount of flexibility by interacting with the industrial process. For this, the network management gets enabled to influence the industrial process if the quality of service demands of the industrial applications cannot be guaranteed. Additionally, it is able to switch network paths to alternative routes and configures them by using OpenFlow-based SDN switches. The solution is implemented according to a described industrial use case, which underlines the necessity of this solution.
  • Publication
    Investigation in IoT and 5G architectures for deployment of Artificial Intelligence into urban mobility and production
    ( 2021)
    Ferfes, Tobias
    ;
    Müller, Arthur
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    The automation industry discusses the deployment of processing resources in applications since decades. The two major subjects of discussion are centralized and decentralized computing. The deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) applications and the processing power is facing the same issue nowadays. AI is used in many different areas like smart city, industrial automation for pattern recognition or as an expert system and so on. However, it remains a central question how to deploy the AI within an application and how to connect the AI to other devices, services and agents. In this paper we discuss state-of-the-art architecture to structure general IoT applications, as well as, the two most common processing concepts. Furthermore, use cases in urban mobility and industrial automation to deploy AI applications are presented and an In-depth view to the implementation is discussed. Pros, cons and problems of the implementations are shown, which can provide ideas and references when deploying an AI application.
  • Publication
    Migrationskonzept zur Einführung von Ethernet TSN in die Feldebene
    ( 2021)
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    Anwendungen, wie z. B. eine datengetriebene Prozessüberwachung oder eine für die Fertigung kundenindividueller Produkte notwendige wandlungsfähige Produktionstechnik, erzeugen neue und zusätzliche Anforderungen an die Industrielle Kommunikation. Die Kommunikation muss stoßfrei rekonfiguriert werden können, um Plug-and-Play-Dienste zu ermöglichen und so skalierbar und sicher sein, dass eine vertikale Kommunikation vom Sensor bis zur Cloud möglich wird. Als Basis für ein skalierbares Kommunikationsnetzwerk, welches von verschiedenen echtzeitfähigen oder nicht-echtzeitfähigen Protokollen konvergent genutzt werden kann und so die bisher harte Grenze zwischen IT und Feldebene durchlässig macht, soll Ethernet TSN verwendet werden. Um auch einfache Sensoren ohne Gateways anzuschließen, sollen neue physikalische Übertragungstechnologien, Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) eingesetzt werden. Lange Lebenszyklen von Produktionsanlagen und Automatisierungstechnik führen allerdings dazu, dass die Einführung und Verbreitung neuer Technologien nur langsam erfolgt. Dabei unterliegt die Einführung der genannten Technologien unterschiedlichen Einflüssen: So ist die Einführung von TSN als Netzwerktechnologie gegenüber einer Physical Layer-Technologie, wie Single Pair Ethernet, oder einer Protokolleinführung, wie OPC UA, besonders schwer, da TSN nur dann genutzt werden kann, wenn alle Geräte eines Netzwerkes TSN auch unterstützen. Migrationsstrategien für Feldgeräte sind heute häufig unzureichend. Ein neuer Ansatz für eine verbesserte Migrationsstrategie für Feldgeräte, der die Einführung von Ethernet TSN in die Feldebene ermöglicht, ist der Ethernet Bridge-Modus "Time Aware Forwarding". Time Aware Forwarding vereinfacht die Umsetzung von TSN in Feldgeräte mit zwei Ports. Bestehende PROFINET-Hardware und -Geräte erlangen mit diesem Verfahren die geforderten Funktions- und Leistungsmerkmale, wie Synchronität und geplanter Datenverkehr, um mit TSN-Netzwerken zusammenarbeiten zu können.
  • Publication
    Interoperabilität von Plug-and-Work-fähigen OPC UA- und Cloud-basierten Smart Services
    ( 2019)
    Heymann, Sascha
    ;
    Weskamp, Jan Nicolas
    ;
    Pethig, Florian
    ;
    Stojanovic, Ljiljana
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Watson, Kym
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    Smart Services in a cloud enable secure data and service integration in cross-site application scenarios as well as 'plug and work' functions for devices, machines, and data analytics software by applying the industrial standards Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPC UA) and Automation Markup Language (AutomationML or AML for short). OPC UA serves as a comprehensive and secure communication technology from the machine level into the cloud, thus enabling manufacturer-independent interoperability. A Cloud Coupler on the shop floor publishes the availability of a factory and selected process data to a service implemented on the cloud infrastructure. Customers or even smart machines can use this information about e.g. Resources, availability and price, to make decisions for placing an order and can track their orders in real time. In order to simplify the setup of the connection to the cloud and minimize the commissioning time the cloud coupler also aggregates all OPC UA servers on devices in the factory into a single OPC UA aggregated server address space. In this paper an architecture is proposed which uses a cloud coupler and Plug and Work techniques to register a new or retrofit factory in a cloud to use and share information in an interoperable way. It is shown that the use of standards reduces the effort needed for the definition of interfaces and integration of devices and software.
  • Publication
    Untersuchung der Netzlastrobustheit von OPC UA - Standard, Profile, Geräte und Testmethoden
    ( 2018)
    Gamper, Sergej
    ;
    Krishna Poudel, Bal
    ;
    Schriegel, Sebastian
    ;
    Pethig, Florian
    ;
    Jasperneite, Jürgen
    Momentan werden neue Kommunikationstechnologien wie z. B. OPC UA, TSN oder auch SDN ausgearbeitet und eingeführt, um den Anforderungen einer Industrie 4.0 gerecht zu werden. Dabei konzentriert man sich verständlicherweise hauptsächlich auf die funktionalen Aspekte der jeweiligen Technologie. Dabei können bestimmte grundlegende Qualitätsmerkmale aber leicht unterschätzt oder einfach übersehen werden. Dieses Dokument beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung, ob das Thema der Netzlastrobustheit bei OPC UA im Standard oder bei der Zertifizierung der OPC UA-fähigen Geräte bereits eine Rolle spielt. Wie die Erfahrungen der letzten Jahrzehnte in der Nutzung der Ethernet-basierten industriellen Netzwerke (z. B. PROFINET) zeigen, spielt dieses Thema eine sehr wichtige Rolle.