Olthof, S.S.OlthofMeerheim, R.R.MeerheimSchober, M.M.SchoberLeo, K.K.Leo2022-03-042022-03-042009https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/22058810.1103/PhysRevB.79.245308We use photoelectron spectroscopy to study the electronic structure and energy level alignment throughout an organic light-emitting diode. The structure under investigation is a state-of-the-art long-living red phosphorescent device composed of doped charge-injection layers, charge-blocking layers, and an emission layer. By consecutively building up the whole device, the key parameters of every interface are measured. Our results show that the doped layers have a significant influence on the device energetics, especially in controlling the built-in potential, and that there are mostly only small dipoles present at the interfaces of the intrinsic organic layers.en621530journal article