Standardization and Regulation of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology: Landscape Overview and Gap Analysis

Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) represent a paradigm shift in digital record-keeping and transaction processing, offering unprecedented levels of transparency, security, and immutability. These technologies, which underpin cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and innovative applications across various sectors, are rapidly evolving. However, their widespread adoption and integration into mainstream economic and social systems are contingent upon the establishment of robust standardization and regulatory frameworks. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the current landscape of blockchain and DLT standardization and regulation. We examine the critical role of key standardization bodies, including ISO, ITU-T, IEEE, and W3C, analyzing their contributions, published standards, and ongoing initiatives. We also examine the existing regulatory approaches across various regions and evaluate international harmonization efforts. Furthermore, this survey identifies and discusses the overlaps, gaps, and conflicts in current standards development, as well as the technical, legal, and governance challenges inherent in this field. Finally, we highlight opportunities for enhancing interoperability, coordinating global efforts, and promoting inclusivity in standardization, offering recommendations for future directions to establish a harmonized and secure global blockchain ecosystem.