Securing Interfaces of a Multinational Standard with Technical Specifications for Data Sharing: Challenges of Authentication and Authorization

Standards are helpful to establish interoperability within multinational coalitions. In a military context the NATO standard STANAG 4559 outlines models and processes for the sharing of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) data. This paper explores the intricate challenges of securing such data dissemination processes, particularly focusing on authentication and authorization mechanisms. As security requirements evolve from a "System High" to a "Zero Trust" approach, the need for stringent identity verification and privilege management becomes paramount, especially in untrusted network environments. We analyze various authentication and authorization technologies, from Basic Auth to OpenID Connect (OIDC), to identify their applicability within the constraints of a multinational data sharing standard. We highlight key challenges, including compatibility with legacy systems, coordination for common (that is, compatible) configurations, and the implications of integration within a broader network context. Through empirical case studies and participation in exercises, we provide insights into effective strategies for overcoming these obstacles, thereby contributing to the development of robust security frameworks in coalition operations.