Renewable energy cooperation in Europe: Taking stock and looking forward

Since the entry into force of the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) in 2009, European Union Member States may use the so-called cooperation mechanisms (statistical transfers, joint projects and joint support schemes) to meet their renewable energy targets cost-effectively, contributing to a decarbonised energy transition. Those mechanisms could play a vital role in achieving the ambitious European Union 2030 targets. However, despite their potential benefits, their use has been limited and a critical review of the scientific literature has not been performed so far. To take stock of the state of research, identify weaknesses in the literature, propose avenues for future research and shed light on the past performance of these mechanisms, a systematic review and a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on the renewable energy cooperation mechanisms are performed. The results show that there is a clear gap between the current challenges and ambitions at the European level regarding the use of those mechanisms and the outdated nature of scholarly contributions. Furthermore, past research neglects crucial aspects of cooperation. This study proposes a research agenda on the topic and suggests strategies to promote the adoption of the cooperation mechanisms.