Energy poverty in Europe

How fair is Europe’s energy system? In France, every second single mother with a medium or low level of education struggles to pay her next heating bill. In Portugal and Italy, people with health impairments in particular are disproportionately affected by energy poverty. Based on a large-scale survey conducted across six EU countries, this policy paper highlights comparable fault lines, examines the social, health-related and spatial patterns of energy poverty - and invites reflection on effective levers for a just energy transition.