GIS-based potential analysis and agro-economic site selection for agrivoltaics using AHP in two German counties

This study conducts a comprehensive geographic information system (GIS)-based potential analysis and site selection for agrivoltaic systems in two German counties. We evaluate the technical, regulatory, and synergy potential. Restrictions are categorized into hard and soft constraints. A Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach is employed to identify the most suitable sites based on techno-economic and agro-economic criteria by calculating the land suitability index (LSI). We consider various factors, including spatial planning data, real grid data, and crop rotation. Our findings reveal substantial potential for agrivoltaic systems in both counties. The best suitable areas identified through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) weighting indicate that potential PV installations could generate 16 % and 12 % of the current energy consumption, respectively. Additionally, the analysis underscores the significant influence of the regulatory framework on the agrivoltaic potential, demonstrating the variety of frameworks across different counties. Furthermore, it highlights the considerable economical synergy potential arising from the high proportion of perennial crops in both regions. Thus, agrivoltaics can significantly mitigate land-use conflicts. This study provides critical insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to optimize sustainable renewable energy production through agrivoltaics while maintaining agricultural productivity.